The meaning of the word "vacation"
Lexical meaning: definition
The general stock of vocabulary (from the Greek Lexikos) is a complex of all the basic semantic units of one language. The lexical meaning of a word reveals the generally accepted idea of an object, property, action, feeling, abstract phenomenon, impact, event, and the like. In other words, it determines what a given concept means in the mass consciousness. As soon as an unknown phenomenon gains clarity, specific signs, or awareness of the object arises, people assign it a name (sound-letter shell), or rather, a lexical meaning. After that, it enters the dictionary of definitions with an interpretation of the content.
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There are so many buzzwords and highly specialized terms in each language that it is simply unrealistic to know all their interpretations. In the modern world there are a lot of thematic reference books, encyclopedias, thesauruses, and glossaries. Let's go over their varieties:
- Explanatory You can find the meaning of a word in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Each explanatory “article” of the interpreter interprets the required concept in the native language and examines its use in the content. (PS: You will read even more cases of word usage, but without explanation, in the National Corpus of the Russian Language. This is the most voluminous database of written and oral texts of native speech.) Authored by V.I. Dahl, S.I. Ozhegov, D.N. Ushakov . The most famous thesauruses with interpretation of semantics in our country have been released. Their only drawback is that the publications are old, so the vocabulary is not updated.
- Encyclopedic Unlike explanatory ones, academic and encyclopedic online dictionaries provide a more complete, detailed explanation of the meaning. Large encyclopedic publications contain information about historical events, personalities, cultural aspects, and artifacts. Encyclopedia articles tell about the realities of the past and broaden one’s horizons. They can be universal or thematic, designed for a specific audience of users. For example, “Lexicon of Financial Terms”, “Encyclopedia of Home Economics”, “Philosophy. Encyclopedic glossary", "Encyclopedia of fashion and clothing", multilingual universal online encyclopedia "Wikipedia".
- Industry-specific These glossaries are intended for specialists in a specific profile. Their goal is to explain professional terms, the explanatory meaning of specific concepts in a narrow sphere, branches of science, business, and industry. They are published in the format of a dictionary, terminology reference book or scientific reference guide (“Thesaurus on advertising, marketing and PR”, “Legal reference book”, “Terminology of the Ministry of Emergency Situations”).
- Etymological and borrowings The Etymological Dictionary is a linguistic encyclopedia. In it you will read versions of the origin of lexical meanings, from what the word was formed (original, borrowed), its morphemic composition, semasiology, time of appearance, historical changes, analysis. The lexicographer will determine where the vocabulary was borrowed from, consider subsequent semantic enrichments in the group of related word forms, as well as the scope of functioning. Will give options for use in conversation. As an example, an etymological and lexical analysis of the concept of “surname”: borrowed from Latin (familia), where it meant family nest, family, household members. Since the 18th century it has been used as a second personal name (inherited). Included in the active vocabulary. The etymological dictionary also explains the origin of the subtext of catchphrases and phraseological units. Let's comment on the stable expression “genuine truth”. It is interpreted as the real truth, the absolute truth. Believe it or not, etymological analysis revealed that this idiom originates from a method of medieval torture. The defendant was beaten with a whip with a knot tied at the end, which was called a “line.” Under the line, the man revealed everything frankly, the real truth.
- Glossaries of obsolete vocabulary How do archaisms differ from historicisms? Some items consistently fall out of use. And then lexical definitions of units fall out of use. Words that describe phenomena and objects that have disappeared from life are classified as historicisms. Examples of historicisms: camisole, musket, king, khan, baklushi, political instructor, clerk, purse, kokoshnik, Chaldean, volost and others. You can find out what the meaning of words that are no longer used in oral speech is from collections of outdated phrases. Archaisms are words that have retained the essence by changing the terminology: piit - poet, brow - forehead, tselkovy - ruble, overseas - foreign, fortecia - fortress, zemsky - national, tsvibak - sponge cake, cookies. In other words, they were replaced by synonyms that are more relevant in modern reality. This category includes Old Church Slavonicisms - vocabulary from Old Church Slavonic, close to Russian: grad (starosl.) - city (Russian), child - child, gate - gate, fingers - fingers, mouth - lips, dragging - dragging feet. Archaisms are found in the circulation of writers, poets, and in pseudo-historical and fantasy films.
- Translation, foreign Bilingual dictionaries for translating texts and words from one language to another. English-Russian, Spanish, German, French and others.
- Phraseological collection Phraseological units are lexically stable phrases, with an indivisible structure and a certain subtext. These include sayings, proverbs, idioms, catchphrases, and aphorisms. Some phrases migrated from legends and myths. They give the literary style artistic expressiveness. Phraseological phrases are usually used in a figurative sense. Replacing any component, rearranging or breaking a phrase leads to a speech error, unrecognized subtext of a phrase, and distortion of the essence when translated into other languages. Find the figurative meaning of such expressions in a phraseological dictionary. Examples of phraseological units: “In seventh heaven”, “A mosquito won’t spoil your nose”, “Blue blood”, “Devil’s Advocate”, “Burn bridges”, “An open secret”, “As if I was looking into water”, “To throw dust in my eyes”, “Work carelessly”, “Sword of Damocles”, “Gifts of the Danaans”, “Double-edged sword”, “Apple of discord”, “Warm up your hands”, “Sisyphean labor”, “Climb the wall”, “Keep your eyes open”, “Throwing pearls before swine”, “With a gulkin’s nose”, “Shot sparrow”, “Augean stables”, “Caliph for an hour”, “Puzzling”, “Doting your soul”, “Flapping your ears”, “Achilles’ heel”, “Eate the dog”, “Like water off a duck’s back”, “Grab at a straw”, “Build castles in the air”, “Be on trend”, “Live like cheese in butter”.
- Definition of neologisms Language changes are stimulated by dynamic life. Humanity strives for development, simplification of life, innovation, and this contributes to the emergence of new things and technology. Neologisms are lexical expressions of unfamiliar objects, new realities in people’s lives, emerging concepts and phenomena. For example, what does “barista” mean? This is the profession of a coffee maker; A coffee professional who understands the varieties of coffee beans knows how to beautifully decorate steaming cups of drink before serving to the client. Every little word was once a neologism until it became commonly used and entered the active vocabulary of the general literary language. Many of them disappear without even being actively used. Neologisms can be word-forming, that is, completely newly formed (including from Anglicisms), and semantic. Semantic neologisms include already known lexical concepts endowed with fresh content, for example, “pirate” is not only a sea corsair, but also a copyright infringer, a user of torrent resources. Here are just some cases of word-forming neologisms: life hack, meme, google, flash mob, casting director, pre-production, copywriting, friending, PR, moneymaker, screenshot, freelancing, headliner, blogger, downshifting, fake, brandalism. Another option is that a “copymaster” is the owner of the content or an ardent supporter of intellectual rights.
- Other 177+ In addition to those listed, there are thesauri: linguistic, in various areas of linguistics; dialectal; linguistic and cultural studies; grammatical; linguistic terms; eponyms; abbreviations; tourist vocabulary; slang. Schoolchildren will find useful lexical dictionaries with synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms and educational dictionaries: spelling, punctuation, word-formation, morphemic. Orthoepic reference book for setting stress and correct literary pronunciation (phonetics). Toponymic dictionaries-directories contain geographical information by region and names. In anthroponymics - data about proper names, surnames, nicknames.
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Globalization is taking its toll. This affects writing. Mixed spelling in Cyrillic and Latin, without transliteration, has become fashionable: SPA salon, fashion industry, GPS navigator, Hi-Fi or High End acoustics, Hi-Tech electronics. To correctly interpret the content of hybrid words, switch between language keyboard layouts. Let your speech break stereotypes. The lyrics excite the senses, pour elixir into the soul and have no expiration date. Good luck with your creative experiments!
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Vacation
The rite of dismissal The rite of dismissal begins (άπόλυσις). The royal doors open to him (closed with the introduction of the Gospel into the altar after kissing before the canon), which the Typikon does not make a comment about here, but which is indicated in Chapter 7. in the rite of Vespers (this was noted in the old statutes and here). The dismissal of Matins, which is also the dismissal of the entire vigil, in its solemnity and volume must correspond to this longest of services and therefore surpasses not only the dismissal of the hours, small vespers and compline (called small), but also the dismissal of the liturgy.
Preliminary exclamations and prayers The rite of dismissal is preceded, like all the most important parts of the service (reading Holy Scripture, the prokeimenon and the canon of the liturgy), with the exclamation: “Wisdom.” This exclamation is pronounced here, as in other cases, by the deacon, which, as a matter of course, the Typikon does not say. What is included in the rite of dismissal justifies the appropriateness of this exclamation here: the most sublime prayers were chosen for it.
In response to this warning from the deacon about the time for dismissal, the priest singly asks the priest to begin the dismissal. Since dismissal is a blessing for leaving the temple and the final glorification of God, the request is expressed with the word: “Bless,” the same one with which the priest is invited to begin the service. Only here this invitation is made not by the deacon, but more solemnly - by the choir, just as before the start of Matins to the exclamation: “Glory to the Saints...”.
After the deacon and the choir, the word goes to the priest, and he responds to the request for a blessing with a blessing, first of all, the source of all blessings for us, Christ God, and he assimilates to Him for the only time in the entire circle of services the greatest and full of mystery name “He”, Jehovah, that name , which the ancient Jew was afraid to pronounce and replaced it when reading St. Scriptures by other names. In Christian boldness, the priest, having cleansed his lips with so many prayers, now reverently and publicly calls this name. Thus, this final exclamation of Vespers and Matins, being almost literally similar to the initial exclamation of church services: “Blessed is our God always, now and ever and unto ages of ages,” introduces two additions to it, making it even more majestic and touching: “ Sy" and "Christ". The connection of “He” with “blessed” must have been made on the basis of 2 Cor. 11:31: “The God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ proclaims, He is blessed forever.”
Having heard about the self-existence of Christ (“Hey”), which is incomprehensible to our minds, the source and basis of His eternity (“always, now and ever”), the face, after the usual response to the exclamation of the priest “Amen,” asks for manifestation on earth in the possible way for her. the degree of this property of God, about its reflection in us through the “confirmation of the emperor”, as the defender of faith and law and order, and through him “St. Orthodox faith" and "Orthodox Christians".
The thought of Christ and His self-existence cannot but evoke thoughts of His birth on earth and of the Author of His incarnation, Who can also hasten through Her intercession our prayers to Her Son. The priest turns to Her for this assistance with the exclamation: “Most Holy Theotokos, save us,” which, in addition to prayer, also contains Her greatest glorification, since we ask Her, like Her Son, directly for salvation (which is promised in the release ), and not the prayers of some for us and for our salvation (which is what we ask from other saints). The face responds to this prayer of praise with direct glorification of the Mother of God, moreover, with the most enthusiastic song of all and most pleasing to Her, replacing the prayer to Her with this song, just as a priest replaces praise to Her with prayer. The opposite is true: there the priest praises, but the face prays.
Now both are united in praise, which returns to Christ, and through Him to the Holy One. Trinity. In view of the fact that the dismissal coming to the priest is aimed at instilling in those who leave the temple a firm hope in Christ, reaching the full confidence in salvation (“he will have mercy and save”), the priest prepares for it {“Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope...” ). The face picks up this glorification going to heaven and raises it, as it were, even higher, to the Trinitarian God Himself (“Glory to the Father…”), extending this glorification also into infinity (“both now and ever”) and adding to it the last and fervent prayer to God for mercy (“Lord have mercy” 3) and a secondary request to the priest for a blessing to leave the temple: “Bless.”
Dismissal in the proper sense The priest creates dismissal in the proper sense, consisting in the confession of Christ as the true God and our hope for pardon and salvation (but in Greek, σώσαι - “may he save,” etc.) from Him through the prayers of the Most Pure (πανάχραντου) Mother Him, the apostles (according to the Missal - see Vespers - “The Holy One, whose service is sung” is also commemorated) and all the saints. At the beginning of the dismissal, a brief mention of the celebrated event from His life is added to the name of Christ, on Sunday in the form: “Risen from the dead,” thanks to which the dismissal turns, as it were, into a final holiday song (at Easter, a whole troparion is added to it at the beginning) .
The answer “Amen” to the dismissal is not indicated, probably because the confirmation of all the great promises that the dismissal gives can only be expected from the Divine “Amen” (Apoc. 1:18).
History of the dismissal In the Studian-Alexievsky Charter, the 1st exclamation is: “Wisdom” (σοφία). Under Arseny Sukhanov in the East, “the priest opened the doors, turned to the west and shouted: Sophia, those coming: Eulogison.”
In one Euchology (Patmos. bib. No. 105 of the 13th century), the prayer of leave at matins, addressed to God the Father, ends: “He is blessed forever, amen.” From here to glory. RKP. and old-fashioned mouth “Blessed be our God,” in glory. Service books to Moscow. 1647 inclusive: “Blessed is Christ God and glorified,” ancient. Greek RKP. Jer. mouth: “and prayer: Blessed be he.”
By Stud.-Alex. mouth instead of “God confirm” the face to “Blessed be he” answered: “Bless the Lord, holy ones, bless, father,” after which vacation immediately followed. About “God Establish” according to the charter of the Great Church of Constantinople - Introduction. ch., 344; cargo. RKP. Jerus. oral: “prayer, God confirm according to the custom of all-night vigils,” Greek. RKP. and seal: “then we confirm (στερεούμεν) the kings as usual and release them”; glory RKP. XIV century: “singers, God confirm the faith of the peasants. Neither can they accommodate the abbot (without mentioning the abbot?)..."; RKP. XVI century: + “and remembers the king according to custom.” "Rank" Patr. Philotheus: “And it is sung, God Establish kings.” Moscow Service 1602 (= old style), 1647 and old style. oral: “Confirm, O God, the Christian faith, observe and have mercy on the blessed Tsar and the Grand Duke named after him,” (1647: + “and the blessed queen, Grand Duchess named after”); save, Lord, the archbishop (charter: patriarch) of our name, (service: + and our father hegumen will have mercy and save us, for he is good and a lover of mankind." Servant of Peter the Mogila: "Risen from the dead, Christ our true God, through the prayers of the Most Pure One His Mother, by the power of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross, the glorious and all-praised apostle saints - if there is a saint on purpose, remember this name of the rivers - and all the saints, he will have mercy and save us, as he is Good and Lover of Mankind. Risen from the dead, Christ our true God, through the prayers of His Most Pure Mother, our reverend and God-bearing fathers and all saints, will have mercy and save us, as He is Good and Lover of Mankind. Yes, remember this: according to “our venerable and God-bearing fathers”, “and today we honor the memory of the Holy One, and all your saints”, etc. If we have a doxology, say this: “and today we honor the Holy Name in whose memory we honor and all the saints” "And so on until the end." Hieraticon: “Risen from the dead, Christ our true God, by the prayers of His Most Pure Mother, by the power of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross, by the intercession of the honorable Heavenly Powers disembodied, by the prayers (ίκεσίαις) of the honorable and glorious Prophet, the Forerunner and Baptist John, the glorious and all-validated apostles, the saints glorious and victorious martyrs, venerable and God-bearing fathers, like our father John among the saints, archbishop. Chrysostom of Constantinople (or Basil, Archbishop of Caesarea, the unrevealed Great), the saints and righteous Godfather Joachim and Anna and all the saints, will have mercy and save us, for God is Good and Lover of Mankind and Merciful. Through the prayers of the saints, our father, Lord Jesus Christ our God, have mercy on us. Deacon: Amen."
Longevity After the dismissal of the festive matins, notes the Typikon, “to the longevity of the emperor,” that is, a prayer is sung for the preservation for many years of the Emperor, Empress, Heir, reigning house, Holy Synod, diocesan bishop, in the vicariate - and vicar, rector monastery with the brethren and all Orthodox Christians. This many years, beginning with the word “Most Pious” and ending with the words “Lord, save them for many years,” is not given anywhere in the liturgical books (except for the newest of them: “Services for every day of the 1st and Holy Weeks” and Bakhmetev’s Obikhod), therefore, until recently it was preserved in the oral singing tradition; it represents a reduction and simplification of the many years after the prayer service, as this last one, in turn, represents a reduction of the many years of the royal hours, and from several petitions of those many years only the last one was taken and the participation of the priest and deacon in it was eliminated; the melody is also simplified and made recitative. On weekdays, when the 1st hour is directly added to Matins, this multi-year period is done after it.
History Something very similar happened at the end of the song vespers (Introductory chapter, 344).
RKP. Jerus. (of course, and Stud.) lips. and old-fashioned mouth are not mentioned. Under Arseny Sukhanov in the East: “Amen. Tone of despotism ke archierea...". Consequently, here is the tradition of the Sophia Rule of Constantinople, caused by the presence of kings at services. The present many years “is like a hymn in honor of the king (all titles), like those hymns given in the work “De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae” (10th century), which were pronounced at the meeting of the king and in their content constitute a special type, average between troparia and works of the then secular anthology." In the ancient Western rites of litany of the 7th-8th century (English, Carolingian, German (allemanis), Colbertine), the formulas were used: “to such and such (name of the king) life (vita)!”, or: “... life and victory! » (vita et victoria!), “health (salus) and life!” Nowadays, among the Greeks, the replacement for such many years is the blessing pronounced by the priest when, at the end of the liturgy, he goes home from the temple: “Save, Lord God, all the pious and Orthodox Christians living in the city (village or island) and this enoria, with their wives and children " The page was generated in 0.05 seconds!
