Julian and Gregorian calendars: differences and features. the history of the creation of each of the calendars

THOMAS

Traditionally, during the Christmas and Easter holidays, people wonder: why do the Julian and Gregorian calendars not coincide, and what is the difference between them? We tried to explain as simply as possible the reason for this, in fact, extremely complex astronomical and mathematical problem.

Introduction of the Julian calendar

The Julian calendar was introduced by the edict of Julius Caesar and was based on the contemporary Roman calendar.
The Roman calendar consisted of twelve months with a total of 355 days. Since this is a little over 10 days less than the length of the year, in every second year an additional month of Mercedonia was inserted between the VII and VI days before the March calendars (between February 23 and 24). The decision to insert an additional month was made by the pontiff. During the period of unrest, this happened irregularly; in addition, the pontiff sometimes made decisions for political reasons, wanting to lengthen or shorten the reign of certain consuls (two consuls were elected for a year and ruled from January to January of the next year). At the time of Caesar's rise to power, calendar dates differed markedly from the expected seasons. In 46 BC. e. Caesar carried out a calendar reform, the purpose of which was to restore synchronization of the calendar with the seasons and avoid similar problems in the future. Caesar reformed the calendar, changing the length of the months so that they totaled 365 days. Every four years, an additional day must be inserted after February 23rd. Pliny writes that this reform was developed with the help of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes. The calendar began to operate on January 1, 45 BC. e.

To restore the calendar to the seasons, Caesar inserted 67 additional days between November and December, dividing them into two months ( Intercalaris Prior

and
Intercalaris Posterior
).
Together with Mensis Intercalaris
46 BC. e. lasted 445 days.

Caesar renamed the month Quintilis

) in his honor, giving him the name
Iulius
(July). Subsequently, several emperors named the months by their own names, but besides July, only August, named after Caesar's successor, remains to this day.

World War I

The Julian calendar is a number system introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. It was developed by Egyptian astronomers under the guidance of the famous scientist from Alexandria Sosigenes, specially invited for these purposes.

According to this calendar, the year began to begin on January 1. The day was not chosen by chance; at that time it was on this day that the Roman consuls began to perform their duties. The main reason for the establishment of the new system was Caesar's desire to limit the power of the high priest (pontiff), who previously personally set the length of the year, and to stop confusion. Background

For several centuries, the Romans used a calendar in which the year consisted of 10 months. Some of them bore the names of the gods of the Roman pantheon, or reflected natural phenomena, the rest were called serial numbers. Moreover, 4 months had 31 days, the rest - 30 (the total length of the calendar year was 304 days).

After 100 years, the year was extended by another two months. Now the year became equal to 355 days, and corresponded perfectly to the lunar calendar. However, it did not coincide with natural phenomena. And then they introduced mercedonia - an additional month, lasting just over 20 days. They added it a year later, inserting it after the 23rd in February. And after the end of Mercedonia, February continued again. This order was considered rather confusing and inconvenient, which led the emperor to think about the need to reform the system. New calendar system

According to the Julian calendar system, which replaced the old calculation, a (regular) year was equal to 365 days. All of them were separated by 12 months. With a frequency of once every 4 years, one additional day was added to February (leap year). The new calendar was based on the astronomical observations of the Egyptians on the frequency of our planet’s revolution around the Sun.

And its basis was the monthly Roman holidays. Each month began with a calendar. In addition to them there were the Nones and the Ides. Each of them had clearly defined days, which served as a guide for the remaining days of the month (by the number of days remaining until these holidays. For example, 5 days until the Ides of February). The 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th, 10th and 12th months in the new calendar consisted of 31 days, in February there were 28 or 29 (depending on whether it was a leap year or not), and in the remaining months - 30. After After the death of the emperor who carried out the calendar reform, one of the months was named in his honor (Julius or July). Another confusion

Either due to insufficient education, or out of malicious intent, but a few years after Caesar’s reform, the pontiffs again introduced confusion into the calculation of time. Instead of introducing a leap year every 4 years, they did it every 3 years. The error was discovered by Emperor Augustus only in 8 AD. She was eliminated. And they decided to express their gratitude to the new emperor for bringing clarity in a rather unique way - the month of the year was also named after him. Error

According to Sosigenes' calculations, the annual duration was 365.25 days (it has been proven that it is 365.2422). This small miscalculation, amounting to just over 11 minutes annually, led to the confusion of some natural phenomena regarding the calendar. Thus, in the 16th century, the day of the vernal equinox already fell on March 11 instead of 21. Introduction of the Julian reckoning of time in Russia

For a long time, several different systems of calculation were in use in Rus' at the same time. This diversity stemmed from the fact that in the Byzantine calendar the annual starting point was September 1, and among the Eastern Slavs it was customary to start the year on March 1.

A unified calendar order throughout the country was approved in the 14th century. According to him, the next year began in September. At the same time, chronology in those days went from the “creation of the world.” This order was maintained until 7208, when, during the next reform, Peter I introduced the Julian calendar into use in Russia. Under him, the counting of years was ordered to begin from the birth of the infant Christ. The new calendar was put into circulation on December 20, 1700.

Subsequently, the Gregorian calendar was introduced into circulation on the territory of the USSR. Julian began to be called the “old style”.

Julian calendar in worship

Orthodoxy

Catholicism

The Julian calendar is used by the local Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (with the exception of parishes of the Ukrainian diaspora) and the Russian Greek Catholic Church, which belong to 22 Eastern Catholic Churches.

Structure of the Julian calendar

In the Julian calendar, a normal year consists of 365 days and is divided into 12 months. Once every 4 years, a leap year is declared, to which one day is added - February 29 (previously, a similar system was adopted in the zodiac calendar according to Dionysius). Thus, the Julian year has an average duration of 365.25 days, which is longer than the tropical year (average duration - 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45.19 seconds) by 11 minutes and 15 seconds.

365.25=365+.25=365+14{\displaystyle 365.25=365+0.25=365+{\frac {1}{4}}}

In the Julian calendar there are leap and non-leap years; The first day of the year can be any of the seven days of the week from Monday to Sunday. In total, this gives 2 × 7 = 14 calendar options.

February Mon

March Mon

April Mon

May Mon

June Mon

July Mon

August Mon

September Mon

October Mon

November Mon

December Mon

Julian calendar (old style)

A chronology system focused on the time of successive passage of the equinox by the Sun, therefore the Julian calendar was a “solar” calendar. The Julian year is 365 days and 6 hours, divided into 12 months. Every 4 years, a leap year is declared (one day is added - February 29), due to which the difference in hours is reduced to nothing.

Used in a number of Local Orthodox Churches (Jerusalem, Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Polish), as well as in a number of monasteries and parishes in the USA, Europe and in the monasteries of Mount Athos.

Developed by Alexandrian astronomers led by Sosigenes. It was introduced on January 1, 45 BC by Emperor Julius Caesar.

What new calendar projects exist?

Various projects have been proposed over the past one hundred and sixty years. In 1923, a calendar reform committee was created at the League of Nations. After the end of the Second World War, this issue was transferred to the Economic and Social Committee of the UN.

Despite the fact that there are quite a lot of them, preference is given to two options - the 13-month calendar of the French philosopher Auguste Comte and the proposal of the French astronomer G. Armelin.

In the first option, the month always begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday. One day in the year has no name at all and is inserted at the end of the last thirteenth month. In a leap year, such a day appears in the sixth month. According to experts, this calendar has many significant shortcomings, so more attention is paid to the project of Gustave Armelin, according to which the year consists of twelve months and four quarters of ninety-one days.

The first month of a quarter has thirty-one days, the next two have thirty. The first day of each year and quarter begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday. In a normal year, one additional day is added after the thirtieth of December, and in a leap year - after the 30th of June. This project was approved by France, India, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and some other countries. For a long time, the General Assembly delayed approval of the project, and recently this work at the UN has ceased.

Calendar reform: pros and cons

The innovation provides for a radically new method of calculation. According to the new calendar, we will have 365 days, but each year that begins on Sunday will have one single extra day - a second Saturday. This situation will happen in 2012.

The competition for a new calendar was announced more than 10 years ago by the United Nations. Another option is currently undergoing examination at the UN: the so-called Symmetrical calendar - its idea is that each new month begins on Monday. Each month of this calendar consists of four weeks (28 days). Each quarter of the year begins with another, additional “quarter week.” Each season of the year should begin with a quarter week - winter, spring, summer, autumn. Thus, there will be 91 days in each quarter of the year, and 364 days in the year. In the proposed calendar, Monday always corresponds to the 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd of every month of any quarter and year. In addition, leap years change. They will be longer than usual by five days. In a 28-year cycle, leap years would be the 4th, 9th, 15th, 20th and 26th years.

Gregorian calendar

The Julian year, with a duration of 365 days and 6 hours, is 11 minutes 14 seconds longer than the true solar year, therefore, over time, the onset of seasonal phenomena according to the Julian calendar occurred on earlier and earlier dates. Particularly strong discontent was caused by the constant shift in the date of Easter, associated with the spring equinox. In 325 AD The Council of Nicaea issued a decree on a single date for Easter for the entire Christian church. In subsequent centuries, many proposals were made to improve the calendar.

Finally, the proposals of the Neapolitan astronomer and physician Aloysius Lilius (Luigi Lilio Giraldi) and the Bavarian Jesuit Christopher Clavius were approved by Pope Gregory XIII. On February 24, 1582, he consolidated two important additions to the Julian calendar: 10 days were removed from the 1582 calendar - after October 4, October 15 followed. This allowed March 21 to be retained as the date of the vernal equinox, which it probably was in 325 AD. In addition, three out of every four years were to be considered ordinary years and only those divisible by 400 were to be considered leap years. Thus, 1582 became the first year of the Gregorian calendar, often called the "new style".

France switched to the new style the same year. Some other Catholic countries adopted it in 1583. Gradually, other countries also adopted the new style. Retrospective correction of dates caused much confusion for many years, as Pope Gregory XIII ordered corrections of all past dates back to the Council of Nicaea.

The Gregorian calendar is used today in many countries, including the United States, Russia (and Ukraine). The Eastern (Julian) calendar was abandoned in Russia only after the October (actually November) Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The Gregorian calendar is not absolutely accurate: it is 26 seconds longer than the tropical year. The difference reaches one day in 3323 years. To compensate for them, instead of eliminating three leap years out of every 400 years, it would be necessary to eliminate one leap year out of every 128 years; this would correct the calendar so much that in only 100,000 years the difference between the calendar and tropical years would reach 1 day.

Calendar reform

Although the Gregorian calendar is very accurate and quite consistent with natural phenomena, its modern structure does not fully correspond to the needs of social life. There has been talk for a long time about improving the calendar and even various associations have emerged to carry out such a reform.

Disadvantages of the Gregorian calendar. This calendar has about a dozen defects. Chief among them is the variability of the number of days and weeks in months, quarters and half-years. For example, quarters contain 90, 91, or 92 days. There are four main problems:

1) Theoretically, the civil (calendar) year should have the same length as the astronomical (tropical) year. However, this is impossible, since the tropical year does not contain an integer number of days. Because of the need to add an extra day to the year from time to time, there are two types of years - ordinary and leap years. Since the year can start from any day of the week, this gives 7 types of ordinary years and 7 types of leap years, i.e. a total of 14 types of years. To fully reproduce them you need to wait 28 years.

2) The length of the months varies: they can contain from 28 to 31 days, and this unevenness leads to certain difficulties in economic calculations and statistics.

3) Neither ordinary nor leap years contain an integer number of weeks. Semi-years, quarters and months also do not contain a whole or equal number of weeks.

4) From week to week, from month to month and even from year to year, the correspondence of dates and days of the week changes, so it is difficult to establish the moments of various events. For example, Thanksgiving always falls on Thursday, but the day of the month varies. Christmas always falls on December 25th, but on different days of the week.

Suggested Improvements

There are many proposals for calendar reform, of which the following are the most discussed:

It is possible that in 2012 a new calendar, the International Fixed Calendar, will be introduced in the world. This is an improved version of the 13-month calendar proposed in 1849 by the French philosopher, founder of positivism, O. Comte (1798–1857). It was developed by the English statistician M. Cotsworth (1859–1943), who founded the Fixed Calendar League in 1942.

This calendar contains 13 months of 28 days each; All months are the same and start on Sunday. Leaving the first six of the twelve months with their usual names, Cotsworth inserted the 7th month “Sol” between them. One extra day, called the Day of the Year, follows December 28th. If the year is a leap year, then another Leap Day is inserted after June 28th. These “balancing” days are not taken into account in counting the days of the week. Cotsworth proposed abolishing the names of the months and using Roman numerals to denote them. The 13-month calendar is very uniform and easy to use: the year is easily divided into months and weeks, and the month is divided into weeks. If economic statistics used a month instead of half-years and quarters, such a calendar would be a success; but 13 months are difficult to divide into half-years and quarters. The sharp difference between this calendar and the current one also causes problems.

World Calendar. This 12-month calendar was developed by decision of the International Commercial Congress of 1914 and was vigorously promoted by many supporters. In 1930, E. Ahelis organized the World Calendar Association, which has been publishing the Journal of Calendar Reform since 1931. The basic unit of the World Calendar is the quarter of the year. Every week and year starts on Sunday. The first three months contain 31, 30 and 30 days, respectively. Each subsequent quarter is the same as the first. The names of the months are kept as they are. Leap Year Day is inserted after June 30, and Year End Day (Peace Day) is inserted after December 30. Opponents of the World Calendar consider its disadvantage to be that each month consists of a non-integer number of weeks and therefore begins with an arbitrary day of the week. Defenders of this calendar consider its advantage to be similar to the current calendar.

Perpetual Calendar. This 12-month calendar is offered by W. Edwards of Honolulu, Hawaii. Edwards' perpetual calendar is divided into four 3-month quarters. Every week and every quarter starts on Monday, which is very beneficial for business. The first two months of each quarter contain 30 days, and the last - 31. Between December 31 and January 1 there is a holiday - New Year's Day, and once every 4 years between June 31 and July 1, Leap Year Day appears. A nice feature of the Perpetual Calendar is that Friday never falls on the 13th. Several times, a bill was even introduced into the US House of Representatives to officially switch to this calendar.

Based on materials from the websites “Synthesis of News”, “Globalist”, “Kommersant”.

What is the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars

At the moment, we do not pay enough attention to which calendar we use, but it was once one of the most important questions of humanity. Only the best minds in the world could make the counting so that it was not only convenient, but also consistent with the astronomical calendar. This way there are no extra or missing days.

Julian calendar: in honor of whom it was created

A long time ago, BC, during the time when Julius Caesar lived, the so-called Julian calendar arose.
The name itself speaks for itself; it was created in honor of Julius Caesar. This calendar was solar. It was created by the best astronomers of that time, who could calculate everything accurately and correctly. This system of counting time was the most correct, close to the real one. It had the same number of days in a year as there are now. This option suited everyone; nothing better was invented in those days.

Gregorian calendar

Despite this, a new system of counting years was proposed in the 16th century. How is it different from the previous one? At first glance it seems like nothing. However, this is not quite true. The difference is that now every fourth year is not considered a leap year. If a year ends with two zeros, then it is not considered a leap year. For example, this will be the year 2100.

The need for this calendar was justified by the fact that Easter did not always fall on Sunday. Thus, everyone soon learned about the existence of a new calendar, which was put forward by Gregory XIII.

History Edit

Prerequisites for the transition to the Gregorian calendar Edit

The transition to the Gregorian calendar entailed the following changes:

the new calendar immediately at the time of adoption shifted the current date by 10 days and corrected accumulated errors;
In the new calendar, a new, more precise rule about leap years began to apply - a leap year, that is, contains 366 days, if:
other years - the year number is a multiple of 4 and not a multiple of 100 (... 1892, 1896, 1904, 1908...);
the rules for calculating Christian Easter were modified;

We recommend studying Psalm 55

Over time, the Julian and Gregorian calendars diverge increasingly at a rate of approximately one day per century, unless the number of the previous century is divisible by 4.

Dates of countries switching to the Gregorian calendar Edit

Last day of the Julian calendar	First day of the Gregorian calendar	States and territories
4 October 1582	15 October 1582
9 December 1582	20 December 1582
21 December 1582	1 January 1583
10 February 1583	21 February 1583
13 February 1583	24 February 1583
4 October 1583	15 October 1583
5 December 1583	16 December 1583	Bavaria, Salzburg, Regensburg
1583
6 January 1584	17 January 1584	Austria
11 January 1584	22 January 1584
12 January 1584	23 January 1584	Silesia
1584
21 October 1587	November 1, 1587	Hungary
December 14, 1590	December 25, 1590	Transylvania
22 August 1610	2 September 1610	Prussia
28 February 1655	11 March 1655
February 18, 1700	March 1, 1700	Denmark (including Norway), Protestant German states
November 16, 1700	November 28, 1700	Iceland
December 31, 1700	12 January 1701	Switzerland (Zurich, Bern, Basel, Geneva)
September 2, 1752	September 14, 1752	Great Britain and colonies
February 17, 1753	March 1, 1753	Sweden (including Finland)
October 5, 1867	October 18, 1867	Alaska (day of transfer of territory from Russia to the USA)
January 1, 1873	Japan
November 20, 1911	China
December 1912	Albania
March 31, 1916	April 14, 1916	Bulgaria
February 15, 1917	March 1, 1917
January 31, 1918	February 14, 1918
February 1, 1918	February 15, 1918	Latvia, Lithuania (actually since the beginning of the German occupation in 1915)
February 16, 1918	March 1, 1918
April 17, 1918	May 1, 1918
January 18, 1919	February 1, 1919	Romania, Yugoslavia
March 9, 1924	March 23, 1924	Greece
January 1, 1926
September 17, 1928	October 1, 1928	Egypt
1949	China

Transition history Edit

Engraving by William Hogarth with the slogan "Give us back our eleven days!", 1755.

Order for the “white” garrison of the city of Kharkov on June 25, 1919: consider tomorrow to be June 13 in connection with the abolition of the Gregorian calendar and the transition to the Julian calendar.

In 1582, Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland), France, and Lorraine switched to the Gregorian calendar.

The introduction of the new calendar also had serious financial consequences for tax collectors. In 1753, the first full year according to the Gregorian calendar, bankers refused to pay taxes, waiting until the required 11 days after the usual closing date of March 25. As a result, the UK financial year did not begin until 6 April. This date has survived to this day, as a symbol of the great changes that occurred 250 years ago.

The Republic of China officially adopted the Gregorian calendar at its proclamation on January 1, 1912, but mainland China entered a period of military dictatorship under the rule of various warlords using different calendars. With the unification of China under the Kuomintang in October 1928, the National Government decreed that the Gregorian calendar would be used from January 1, 1929. However, China retained the Chinese tradition of numbering months, and the first year of the proclamation of the Republic of China, 1912, was designated as the beginning of the calendar. This system is still used in Taiwan, which considers itself the successor to the Republic of China. After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, mainland China continued to use the Gregorian calendar, but the numbering and chronology introduced by the previous government was canceled and correspondence was established with the chronology from the Nativity of Christ adopted in the USSR and the West.

Greece was one of the last to switch to the Gregorian calendar in 1924, Turkey in 1926 and Egypt in 1928.

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JULIAN AND GRIGORIAN CALENDARS

The calendar is a familiar table of days, numbers, months, seasons, years and is the oldest invention of mankind. It records the periodicity of natural phenomena based on the pattern of movement of celestial bodies: the Sun, Moon, stars. The Earth rushes along its solar orbit, counting down the years and centuries. It makes one revolution around its axis per day, and around the Sun per year. The astronomical, or solar, year lasts 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. Therefore, there is no whole number of days, which is where the difficulty arises in drawing up a calendar, which must keep the correct time count. Since the time of Adam and Eve, people have used the "cycle" of the Sun and Moon to keep time. The lunar calendar used by the Romans and Greeks was simple and convenient. From one rebirth of the Moon to the next, about 30 days pass, or more precisely, 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes. Therefore, by changes in the Moon it was possible to count days, and then months. The lunar calendar initially had 10 months, the first of which were dedicated to the Roman gods and supreme rulers. For example, the month of March was named after the god Mars (Martius), the month of May is dedicated to the goddess Maia, July is named after the Roman emperor Julius Caesar, and August is named after the emperor Octavian Augustus. In the ancient world, from the 3rd century BC, according to the flesh, a calendar was used, which was based on a four-year lunar-solar cycle, which gave a discrepancy with the value of the solar year by 4 days in 4 years. In Egypt, a solar calendar was compiled based on observations of Sirius and the Sun. The year in this calendar lasted 365 days, it had 12 months of 30 days, and at the end of the year another 5 days were added in honor of the “birth of the gods.” In 46 BC, the Roman dictator Julius Caesar introduced an accurate solar calendar based on the Egyptian model - the Julian . The solar year was taken as the size of the calendar year, which was slightly larger than the astronomical one - 365 days 6 hours. January 1 was legalized as the beginning of the year. In 26 BC. e. The Roman Emperor Augustus introduced the Alexandrian calendar, in which 1 more day was added every 4 years: instead of 365 days - 366 days a year, that is, 6 extra hours annually. Over 4 years, this amounted to a whole day, which was added every 4 years, and the year in which one day was added in February was called a leap year. Essentially this was a clarification of the same Julian calendar. For the Orthodox Church, the calendar was the basis of the annual cycle of worship, and therefore it was very important to establish the simultaneity of holidays throughout the Church. The question of when to celebrate Easter was discussed at the First Ecumenical Council. Cathedral*, as one of the main ones. The Paschalia (rules for calculating the day of Easter) established at the Council, together with its basis - the Julian calendar - cannot be changed under pain of anathema - excommunication and rejection from the Church. In 1582, the head of the Catholic Church, Pope Gregory XIII, introduced a new calendar style - the Gregorian . The purpose of the reform was supposedly to more accurately determine the day of Easter, so that the spring equinox would return to March 21. The Council of Eastern Patriarchs in 1583 in Constantinople condemned the Gregorian calendar as violating the entire liturgical cycle and the canons of the Ecumenical Councils. It is important to note that in some years the Gregorian calendar violates one of the basic church rules for the date of celebration of Easter - it happens that the Catholic Easter falls earlier than the Jewish one, which is not allowed by the canons of the Church; Petrov’s fast also sometimes “disappears”. At the same time, such a great learned astronomer as Copernicus (being a Catholic monk) did not consider the Gregorian calendar more accurate than the Julian calendar and did not recognize it. The new style was introduced by the authority of the Pope in place of the Julian calendar, or the old style, and was gradually adopted in Catholic countries. By the way, modern astronomers also use the Julian calendar in their calculations. In Russia , starting from the 10th century, the New Year was celebrated on March 1, when, according to biblical legend, God created the world. 5 centuries later, in 1492, in accordance with church tradition, the beginning of the year in Russia was moved to September 1, and was celebrated this way for more than 200 years. The months had purely Slavic names, the origin of which was associated with natural phenomena. The years were counted from the creation of the world. On December 19, 7208 (“from the creation of the world”) Peter I signed a decree on calendar reform. The calendar remained Julian, as before the reform, adopted by Russia from Byzantium along with baptism. A new beginning of the year was introduced - January 1 and the Christian chronology "from the Nativity of Christ." The tsar’s decree prescribed: “The day after December 31, 7208 from the creation of the world (the Orthodox Church considers the date of the creation of the world to be September 1, 5508 BC) should be considered January 1, 1700 from the Nativity of Christ. The decree also ordered that this event be celebrated with particular solemnity: “And as a sign of that good beginning and the new century, in joy, congratulate each other on the New Year... Along noble and thoroughfares, at the gates and houses, make some decorations from trees and branches of pine and spruce and junipers... to fire small cannons and rifles, fire rockets, as many as anyone has, and light fires.” The counting of years from the birth of Christ is accepted by most countries of the world. With the spread of godlessness among the intelligentsia and historians, they began to avoid mentioning the name of Christ and replace the counting of centuries from His Nativity with the so-called “our era.” After the great October socialist revolution, the so-called new style (Gregorian) was introduced in our country on February 14, 1918. The Gregorian calendar eliminated three leap years within each 400th anniversary. Over time, the difference between the Gregorian and Julian calendar increases. The initial value of 10 days in the 16th century subsequently increases: in the 18th century - 11 days, in the 19th century - 12 days, in the 20th and 21st centuries - 13 days, in the 22nd - 14 days. The Russian Orthodox Church, following the Ecumenical Councils, uses the Julian calendar - unlike Catholics, who use the Gregorian. At the same time, the introduction of the Gregorian calendar by civil authorities led to some difficulties for Orthodox Christians. The New Year, which is celebrated by the entire civil society, was moved to the Nativity Fast, when it is not appropriate to have fun. In addition, according to the church calendar, on January 1 (December 19, old style), the memory of the holy martyr Boniface is celebrated, who patronizes people who want to get rid of alcohol abuse - and our entire huge country celebrates this day with glasses in hand. Orthodox people celebrate the New Year “in the old way,” on January 14.

SOURCE: ORTHODOX ENCYCLOPEDIA

Julian calendar in Rus'

In Rus', there were several different calendar styles, due to the fact that the Byzantine calendar counted the year from September 1, and the Eastern Slavs, when adopting Christianity, retained the ancient beginning of the year in March.

The chronology using the Byzantine beginning of the year is called the September style. The chronology in which the year begins in March of the next year (that is, six months later than the Byzantine beginning of the year) is called the March style. The chronology, which uses the March year, starting six months earlier than the Byzantine one, is called ultra-March. Until the beginning of the 12th century, the March style prevailed in Rus', and in the 12th-13th centuries the UltraMart style began to be widely used. Since 1492, the September year has become predominant, displacing both March ones.

The scribes of some chronicles could take into account the transition to new styles of chronology and make amendments to the chronicles. This explains the fact that the chronology in different chronicles may differ by one or two years.

Consequences of the calendar reform

The adoption of the Gregorian calendar was seriously delayed, especially in Protestant countries. In general, Protestant countries switched to the new calendar gradually. England was the last to adopt the Gregorian calendar in 1752.

In Russia, the topic of the transition of the Church to the Gregorian style has been repeatedly discussed. The transition was allowed on the condition that a significant part of Western Christians converted to Orthodoxy. But in general this was considered inappropriate. The last major debate regarding the transition to a new style took place in the 90s of the 19th century. The majority were in favor of the transition. However, the famous church historian Vasily Vasilyevich Bolotov did not agree with this and gave two main arguments:

a) the simplicity of the Julian calendar compared to the Gregorian calendar. In fact, major astronomers used the Julian calendar for their calculations until the 20th century;

b) the possibility of a transition does not follow from the decisions of the First Ecumenical Council (it approved the Alexandrian Paschal - a system for calculating the date of Easter, which “works”, that is, ensures accuracy, only with the Julian year).

Reasons for separation

The main difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars is that in the Julian calendar the year was 365 days and 6 hours, which gives a number of days very close to the sidereal year, but clearly more than one year, which led to the difference being already one day in 128 years. Thus, many years later, when this difference already caused a clear discrepancy between the phenomena observed in the sky and the indications of the calendar, the Gregorian calendar was introduced, definitely more accurate, in which the year has 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes. and 46 sec. In addition, the rules for determining leap years have been changed. The inaccuracy of the Julian calendar is one day per 128 years, while the Gregorian calendar is 1 day per approximately 3000 years.

As a result...

Julian calendar error at 11 min. 14 sec. per year, which Sosigenes neglected, by the 16th century led to the fact that the vernal equinox fell not on March 21, but on the 11th. The displacement led to the correspondence of the same days of the year with other natural phenomena. This had a negative impact on planning agricultural work, setting dates for fairs, etc. The transition to the Gregorian calendar ("new style") was the result of this error.

Every year the discrepancy between the dates of the “old” and “new” styles increases. For example, in 2000-2100 the difference is 13 days, and in 2100-2200 the difference will be 14 days.

What awaits us in the future

Unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Julian calendar is simpler for chronology, but it is ahead of the astronomical year. The basis of the first became the second. According to the Orthodox Church, the Gregorian calendar violates the order of many biblical events.

Due to the fact that the Julian and Gregorian calendars increase the difference in dates over time, Orthodox churches that use the first of them will celebrate Christmas from 2101 not on January 7, as it happens now, but on January 8, but from nine thousand In the year nine hundred and one, the celebration will take place on March 8th. In the liturgical calendar, the date will still correspond to the twenty-fifth of December.

In countries where the Julian calendar was used by the beginning of the twentieth century, for example in Greece, the dates of all historical events that occurred after the fifteenth of October one thousand five hundred and eighty-two are nominally celebrated on the same dates on which they occurred.

Months

According to the Gregorian calendar, the year is divided into 12 months, lasting from 28 to 31 days:

№	Month	Number of days
1	January	31
2	February	28 (29 in leap years)
3	March	31
4	April	30
5	May	31
6	June	30
7	July	31
8	August	31
9	September	30
10	October	31
11	November	30
12	December	31

Rule for remembering the number of days in a month

Counting with your knuckles. “Bump” - 31 days, “hollow” - 30 days (for February 29 or 28 days)

There is a simple rule for remembering the number of days in a month - the " rule of dominoes"

».

If you put your fists together in front of you so that you can see the backs of your palms, then by the “knuckles” (finger joints) on the edge of the palm and the spaces between them you can determine whether a month is “long” (31 days) or “short” (30 days, except February). To do this, you need to start counting the months from January, counting the dominoes and intervals. January will correspond to the first domino (long month - 31 days), February - the interval between the first and second dominoes (short month), March - domino, etc. The next two consecutive long months - July and August - fall exactly on the adjacent knuckles of different hands (the space between the fists does not count).

There is also a mnemonic rule "Ap-yun-sen-no". The syllables of this word indicate the names of months consisting of 30 days; February, depending on the year, contains 28 or 29 days; the remaining 7 months contain 31 days. The convenience of this mnemonic rule is that there is no need to “recount” the knuckles.

There is also an English school saying to remember the number of days in months: Thirty days have September, April, June and November

.
The equivalent in German is: Dreißig Tage hat September, April, Juni und November
.

In Thai, the month has a compound name, consisting of the name of the corresponding zodiac sign and the suffix: -คม ( -khom

), if there are 31 days in a month, and -ยน (
-yon
) if there are 30 days in a month.
February is called กุมภาพันธ์ ( kumphaphan
) (month of Aquarius).

Fixed holidays

January

7 Christmas

8 Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary

9 Saint Archdeacon Stephen

19 Baptism of the Lord, Epiphany

20 Cathedral of St. John the Baptist

24 St. Theodosius the Great

February

2 St. Euthymius the Great

7 Saint Gregory the Theologian

9 Transfer of the relics of St. John Chrysostom

15 Presentation of the Lord

March

9 Finding the head of John the Baptist

22 Forty Martyrs

30 Saint Alexis, man of God

April

May

8 Apostle and Evangelist Mark

16 Dormition of St. Theodosius, abbot of Kiev-Pechersk

22 Transfer of the relics of St. Nicholas

June

3 Holy Kings and Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine and Helena

24 Holy Apostles Bartholomew and Barbara

July

18 St. Sergius of Radonezh the Wonderworker

21 Appearance of the icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kazan

August

1 St. Seraphim of Sarov

2 prophet Elijah

9 Great Martyr Healer Panteleimon

19 Transfiguration of the Lord

28 Assumption of the Virgin Mary

September

13 Hieromartyr Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage and Saint Gennadius

19 Miracle of the Archangel Michael

21 Nativity of the Virgin Mary

27 Exaltation of the Cross

October

31 Apostle and Evangelist Luke

November

4 Kazan Icons of the Mother of God

8 Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica

21 Cathedral of the Archangel Michael

29 Holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew

December

7 Holy Great Martyr Catherine

13 St. Andrew the First-Called

17 Holy Great Martyr Barbara

19 St. Nicholas

22 Conception of Saint Anne

Structure of the Gregorian calendar

Main article: Structure of the Gregorian calendar

In the Gregorian calendar, the length of the year is taken to be 365.2425 days. The duration of a non-leap year is 365 days, a leap year is 366.

365.2425=365+.25−.01+0.0025=365+14−1100+1400.{\displaystyle 365{,}2425=365+0{,}25-0{,}01+0{, }0025=365+{\frac {1}{4}}-{\frac {1}{100}}+{\frac {1}{400}}.}

A 1982 West German stamp issued to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. The image on the stamp is taken from a book published by Johann Rasch in 1586

This follows the distribution of leap years:

a year whose number is a multiple of 400 is a leap year;
other years, the number of which is a multiple of 100, are non-leap years;
other years, the number of which is a multiple of 4, are leap years.

Thus, 1600 and 2000 were leap years, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not leap years. Also, 2100 will not be a leap year.

An error of one day compared to the year of the equinoxes in the Gregorian calendar will accumulate in about 10 thousand years (in the Julian calendar - in about 128 years). A frequently encountered estimate, leading to a value of the order of 3 thousand years, is obtained if one does not take into account that the number of days in the tropical year changes over time and, in addition, the relationship between the lengths of the seasons changes.

We advise you to study Who are heretics. history and meaning of this word

In the Gregorian calendar there are leap and non-leap years; the year can begin on any of the seven days of the week. In total, this gives 2 × 7 = 14 calendar options for the year.

February Mon

March Mon

April Mon

May Mon

June Mon

July Mon

August Mon

September Mon

October Mon

November Mon

December Mon

Why did you choose Gregorian?

The Earth makes a complete revolution around its own axis every day, but during the whole year it revolves around the Sun only once. For an astronomical year to pass, it will take 365 days, 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. We conclude that there is no day with a convenient whole number. So the problem arises in creating an accurate calendar with a clear countdown of time.

The ancient Greeks and Romans used a very simple, but quite convenient calendar. The moon is reborn at intervals of 30 days, or more correctly 29 days, an additional 12 hours and another 44 minutes. Therefore, by observing the external changes of the Moon, it is possible to count months and even days. At the very beginning, there were 10 months in the calendar, and they were called by the sonorous names of the ancient gods of Rome.

In the early years of the third century, an analogue was used based on the lunar-solar cycle of 4 years. But there was an error of exactly one day in the value of the entire solar year.

In Egypt, a solar calendar was used, which was formed in the process of observing and studying Sirius and the Sun. According to it, one year was 365 days, and consisted of 12 months, separately 30 days. When they expired, an additional 5 days were added. The explanation for this sounded very proud, supposedly “in the name of the gods themselves.”

Gregorian calendar

And then the Popes came to the understanding that the calendar was not accurate and needed to be improved. Gregory XIII became the pope who carried out the calendar reform. It was in honor of him that the new calendar was named Gregorian. Before Gregory XIII, attempts to change the calendar were made by Popes Paul III and Pius IV, but their attempts were not successful. The new Gregorian calendar was introduced on October 4, 1582. The development of the calendar on behalf of the pope was carried out by astronomers Christopher Clavius and Aloysius Lilius. After the introduction of the new calendar in 1582, the date 4 October Thursday was immediately followed by a new date - 15 October Friday. This is exactly how far behind the Gregorian calendar the Julian calendar was by that time.

The Gregorian calendar consists of 365 days per year; a leap year has 366 days. But at the same time, the calculation of leap years has become more advanced. So a leap year is a year whose number is a multiple of 4. Years divisible by 100 are leap years if they are divided by 400. Thus, 2000 was a leap year, 1600 was a leap year, and 1800 or 1900, for example, were not leap years. An error in one day now accumulates over 10,000 years, in the Julian - over 128 years.

How was the calendar reform prepared?

Guy Julius Caesar brought order to the calendar. He instructed the largest astronomer of that time, Sosigenes from Alexandria, to develop a new solar calendar. Sosigenes took as a basis the period of the annual movement of the Sun between the stars, that is, the sidereal year, 365 and a quarter days long. True, astronomers already knew that this figure was not entirely accurate, but, apparently, Sosigenes did not consider this circumstance significant, since he neglected it. According to Sosigenes, the beginning of each calendar year should always fall on the same date and the same time of day, and its duration should coincide very closely with the sidereal year. Therefore, as Sosigenes calculated, three years in a row should consist of 365 days, the fourth - of 366. At the same time, the year was divided into 12 months and the additional month of Mercedonia

Sosigenes also ordered the number of days in months. All odd-numbered months contained 31 days, and all even-numbered months had 30. Only in February of the “short” year there were 29 days, and the leap year - 30. To achieve complete coincidence of the next New Year's holiday with astronomical time, before the Roman Empire officially switched to a new one calendar, its citizens had to live an unusually long year. Since, according to Sosigenes’ calculations, the previous Roman calendar was very much ahead of the sidereal year, in addition to the 23-day Mercedonius, two more nameless months were added - of 34 and 33 days. They were inserted between November and December.

The chronology systems of Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII

If you happened to be alive in 1918, you didn't have the date February 1st. And also the next 12 days.

The decree of the Council of People's Commissars of January 26 canceled the first 13 days of February, so that Russia began to live in step with Europe. In other words, the Bolshevik decree ordered the replacement of the old (Julian) calendar with the more modern Gregorian one. After January 31 in 1918, February 14 immediately came in Russia.

At the same time, the new government adopted a decree on the separation of the Orthodox Church, which had previously been part of the government, from the state, signing the corresponding decree on January 20, 1918 (6 days before the decree on calendar reform). Is it any wonder that the leadership of the Orthodox Church, in turn, decided not to follow the decree of the revolutionaries and did not fundamentally change the dates of religious holidays to the new ones introduced by the Bolsheviks.

The Orthodox Church still does not give up and holds tightly to the Julian system in our days. This is why Western countries celebrate Christmas on December 25, and Orthodox Russians on January 7, with a difference of 13 days. Although Belarusians and Ukrainians, for example, have already officially introduced the celebration of Christmas on December 25 as a state holiday, along with the Orthodox date.

But in fact, few people delve into the fact that the Gregorian system was introduced by a Christian priest, and the Julian system by an ancient Roman pagan.

Related link: What is the difference between Catholics and Orthodox Christians?

Western and Orthodox Christmas are celebrated 13 days apart.

How to calculate dates of historical events?

In order to correctly calculate the date of any historical event in relation to the modern calendar, you should understand in which country it occurred and when exactly the Gregorian calendar was introduced there. If we are talking about a European power and a certain event that occurred, say, in the nineteenth century, then 12 days must be added to the date.

If we mean any event from Russian history related to the church calendar (which, as we have already mentioned, has not changed), then the situation is somewhat different. After all, strictly speaking, the Nativity of Jesus Christ continues to be celebrated on December 25, it’s just that people in the world call this date January 7 – that’s all.

Style new and old

In order to make it easier for lay people to understand the clergy, around each religious date they began to put days in brackets according to the new style (adding thirteen days) with special marks. For example, the same Christmas - December 25, Art. (January 7 N.S.).

Roman version of the Julian calendar

Introduced around 750 BC. Due to the fact that the number of days in the Roman calendar year was changed by the arbitrary decision of the priests, dates before 8 AD. are not accurate and are presented for demonstration purposes.

The chronology was carried out from the founding of Rome (ab Urbe condita) - 753/754 BC.

Attention! Our date converter shows dates up to 753 BC

are not calculated, because in the Roman calendar have no historical meaning.

Month names

The names of the months of the Roman calendar are agreed upon definitions of the word mensis - month: m. Januarius; m. Februarius; m. Martius; m. Aprilis; m. Majus; m. Junius; m. Julius; m. Augustus; m. September; m. October; m. November; m. December.

God of time - Janus two-faced and Maya - goddess of fertile land

The Romans, like us, had 12 months (or rather, the modern world borrowed these months from them, often with names), but their year began in March. The months got their name from the names of gods, people, holidays and just numbers:

№	Modern name	Roman name	in honor of:
11	January	Ianuarius	Janus - God
12	February	Februarius	Februa - festival
1	March	Martius	Mars - God
2	April	Aprilis	?
3	May	Maius	Maia - Goddess
4	June	Iunius	Iuno - Queen of the Gods
5	July	Iulius/Quinctilis	Iulius - Caesar / 5 (quinque, fifth)
6	August	Augustus/Sextil	Augustus – Emperor / 6 (sex, sixth)
7	September	September	7 (septem, seventh)
8	October	October	8 (octo, eighth)
9	November	November	9 (novem, ninth)
10	December	December	10 (decem, tenth)

Days of the month

The date within the month was determined by the phases of the moon. The first day of the month (new moon) was called Kalendae; The 5th or 7th day of the month (second phase of the Moon) was called Nonae; The 13th or 15th day of the month (third phase, full moon) was called Idus. The Nones were on the 7th and the Ides on the 15th day occurred in March, May, July and October, in the remaining months the Nones were on the 5th and the Ides on the 13th. For example, August 22, 80 AD. designated as follows: eleven days before the September Kalends (ante diem XI Kalendas Septembres).

The first days of the month were determined by counting the days from the upcoming Nons, then, when the Nones passed, from the Ides, and the last days were determined from the future Kalends. If the day fell on Kalends, Nona or Ides, then the name of this day was put in abl.pl., for example: February 1 - Kalendis Februariis, March 15 - Idibus Martiis, April 5 - Nonis Aprilibus. The day immediately preceding the Kalends, Nones or Idams was designated by the word pridie (on the eve) with acc.: January 31 - pridie Kalendas Februarias, March 14 - pridie Idus Martias, April 4 - pridie Nonas Apriles.

Days of the week

Although the division into weeks of seven days dates back to ancient Babylon, seven days of the week became the standard around the 3rd century AD. The days of the week were named after celestial bodies:

1	Monday	dies Lunae	The Moon
2	Tuesday	dies Martis	Mars
3	Wednesday	dies Mercurii	Mercury (Mercury)
4	Thursday	dies Iovis	Jupiter (Jupiter)
5	Friday	dies Veneris	Venus (Venus)
6	Saturday	dies Saturni	Saturn
7	Sunday	dies Solis	The Sun

The Julian date is the number of days that have passed since noon on January 1st, 4713 BC. This date is arbitrary and was chosen by historians only to harmonize various chronology systems.

The Lilian date is an astronomical method of measuring time that counts the number of days that have passed since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar (00:00:00 October 15, 1582).

We advise you to study Prayers for the well-being of children

The date changes at midnight Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC. The Lilian date of October 15, 1582 has a serial number of 1. The Lilian date can be obtained from the Julian date by subtracting 2,299,160.5 and eliminating the decimal fraction from the result. (c)The basis of the script was taken from the currently non-existent site https://www.24hourtranslations.co.uk/dates.htm

Gregorian calendar (new style)

A time system based on the cyclic revolution of the Earth around the Sun; the length of the year is taken to be 365.2425 days; contains 97 leap years per 400 years. A year is a leap year, that is, it contains 366 days if:

the year number is a multiple of 400 (1600, 2000, 2400);
other years - the year number is a multiple of 4 and not a multiple of 100 (... 1892, 1896, 1904, 1908...).

Used by the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants and the Finnish Orthodox Church. Approved by Pope Gregory XIII on February 24, 1582, based on the calculations of the scientist Luigi Lilio. The purpose of introducing the new calendar was to return the vernal equinox to the date of March 21, which was indicated during the First Ecumenical Council. In accordance with the papal bull, after October 4, 1582, the next day was not the 5th, but the 15th of October, according to the “new style”. In 1700, 1800, 1900, the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars increased again (by 1 day each time). By XX it reached 13 days.

At the same time, the rules for calculating Christian Easter were modified in the Gregorian calendar.

What is the problem?

In fact, the Earth does not orbit the sun in exactly 365 days. The calendar year and the solar year do not coincide exactly - there is an error. Therefore, astronomical events gradually begin to shift. For example, during the First Ecumenical Council, the day of the vernal equinox fell on March 21, and then shifted. The reform of Pope Gregory was intended to correct these emerging shifts and return astronomical events “to their old place.”

Necessary Definitions

A tropical (solar) year is a period of time during which the Sun completes one cycle of changing seasons, as observed from Earth. A tropical year is 365.2422 days.

Equinox is the day when the earth's axis is strictly perpendicular to the Sun.

The essence of the misunderstanding

In reality, planet Earth does not revolve around the Sun within a period of 365 days. There is no exact coincidence between the solar and calendar years - there is a deviation. In this connection, astronomical events are slowly shifting. For example, the day of the vernal equinox shifted during the first Ecumenical Council, the date of which was originally March 21.

Gregory tried to eliminate all such phenomena and place large-scale astronomical events within the same framework.

The new and old calendars have learned to get along well together, but many in the world still live according to the Gregorian calendar, and use the Julian calendar when assigning Christian holidays.

Spread of calendar innovation

A similar story happened in America and England in the 18th century, but since then the difference between the year calculation systems was smaller, the British and Americans “lost” only 11 days.
So, 260 years ago, the Americans “lost” the date September 13, 1752, as well as the previous ten days. Instead, people went to bed on the evening of September 2nd and woke up on the morning of the 14th.
The 11 days between these dates were simply skipped - this was done by order of Parliament, which decided to introduce the Gregorian calendar in order to equalize Britain and its overseas possessions with most of Western Europe.

By the way, China switched to the Gregorian calendar only in 1949. Some other countries a little earlier: Egypt in 1928, Turkey in 1926, Greece in 1924, Romania and Yugoslavia in 1919.

In general, several dozen different calendars are known!

How to recalculate past dates?

If historians around the world had not agreed on how and which calendar to use to date historical events, this would have led to inconsistency and confusion in determining dates.

What are the types of date recalculation errors?

Due to the transition of countries to the Gregorian calendar at different times, factual errors of perception may arise: for example, it is sometimes said that Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare died on the same day - April 23, 1616. In fact, Shakespeare died 10 days later than Inca Garcilaso, since in Catholic Spain the new style was in effect since its introduction by the pope, and Great Britain switched to the new calendar only in 1752, and 11 days later than Cervantes (who died on 22 April, but was buried on April 23).
There are also other types of errors when, to obtain the date of a historical event according to the Gregorian calendar, for some reason they add the number of days that made up the difference between the calendars at the time the country switched to a new calendar style. That is, they extend the difference in the number of days of calendars into the depths of centuries. Our State Duma demonstrated such an error by appointing a state holiday on November 4 - the deputies added 13 days to the date of the capture of Kitay-Gorod on October 22, 1612, although the difference between the calendars was then only 10 days. This is not to mention the fact that the Kremlin itself, or rather the Kremlin garrison of Polish troops, surrendered much later than this date. In addition to this, the State Duma also thoughtlessly appointed some memorable military dates: • The Battle of the Ice occurred on April 5, 1242, the memorial date was set for April 28 (the difference is again 13 days); • Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo; happened on September 8, 1380, for some reason the date was set to September 21 (13 days); Moreover, these errors are selective, most of the dates are correctly calculated, which especially emphasizes the carelessness of recalculating the previously mentioned dates: • The day of the victory of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava; occurred on June 27, 1709, the date was rightly set for July 8 (11 days); • Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army; occurred on August 26, 1812, the date was correctly set for July 5-7 (12 days);
If a historical event involved two countries that switched to a new style in different centuries, careless historians of both countries can cause even greater confusion, unknowingly recalculating the ancient date, each in their own way. The same Swedes could incorrectly recalculate the date of the Neva Battle (July 15, 1240 according to the Julian calendar) to July 26 according to the Gregorian calendar (+11 days), and our same would-be historians would recalculate it to July 28 (+13 days).

To avoid such confusion, the following rules have been adopted for date translation:

To indicate all dates before 1582 AD. The most commonly used calendar is the Julian calendar, introduced on January 1, 45 BC.
Dates before the introduction of the Julian calendar: January 1, 45 BC. e. are designated by the so-called proleptic Julian calendar. A proleptic (from the Greek “anticipating”) calendar is a calendar extended for the period before its introduction. Simply put, dates are counted according to the Julian calendar, despite the fact that the calendar had not even been invented yet.
To recalculate dates after 1582 in those countries where the Julian calendar was still in effect at the time of the historical event, the date is recalculated into the Gregorian calendar by adding the number of days by which the calendars differed at the time of the event.
In regions where the Julian calendar was not used at all, the dating of all events is carried out according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar (which determines the dating of events according to the rules of the Gregorian calendar before its appearance on October 15, 1582).

Movable holidays

EASTER

- the first Sunday after the first
spring
(which occurred after the vernal equinox) full moon.

For the Orthodox, due to the accumulated lag of the calendar by 13 days, the “equinox” (also March 22, but according to the “old style”) falls on April 4 according to the “new style,” and therefore, the Easter holiday usually moves to a later time. Therefore everyone is mobile

The holidays come together every year for a different number of days.
The rest, fixed
dates, differ by 13 days among Orthodox and Catholics, that is, they are tied to the same dates of the month, but the calendar itself is different for each.

Because of this difference in calendars, a problem arises with pagan rituals - most of them are tied to astronomical moments - the dates of the equinoxes and solstices, and if we start from the “old style” and church

holidays, many important astronomical moments will be missed.

Krasnaya Gorka is the first Sunday after Easter.

Radunitsa is the ninth day after Easter.

Semik - Thursday of the seventh week after Easter.

Parents' Saturday is the Saturday of the seventh week after Easter.

Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem - Seven weeks (Lent) before Easter.

Then Maslenitsa (Cheese Week) begins.

The Ascension of the Lord is 40 days after Easter.

Pentecost (Holy Trinity) - in 50 days.

Spiritual Day is the first Monday after Trinity.

A week after Trinity, Peter's Fast .

Julian calendar 2021
January Mon	W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8	9	10	11
12	13	14	15	16	17	18
19	20	21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1
2	3	4	5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20	21	22
23	24	25	26	27	28	29
30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
8	9	10	11	12	13	14
15	16	17	18	19	20	21
22	23	24	25	26	27	28
29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10	11	12
13	14	15	16	17	18	19
20	21	22	23	24	25	26
27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8	9	10	11
12	13	14	15	16	17	18
19	20	21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1
2	3	4	5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20	21	22
23	24	25	26	27	28	29
30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
8	9	10	11	12	13	14
15	16	17	18	19	20	21
22	23	24	25	26	27	28
29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10	11	12
13	14	15	16	17	18	19
20	21	22	23	24	25	26
27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8	9	10	11
12	13	14	15	16	17	18
19	20	21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1
2	3	4	5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20	21	22
23	24	25	26	27	28	29
30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3
4	5	6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15	16	17
18	19	20	21	22	23	24
25	26	27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
8	9	10	11	12	13	14
15	16	17	18	19	20	21
22	23	24	25	26	27	28
29	30

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10	11	12
13	14	15	16	17	18	19
20	21	22	23	24	25	26
27	28	29	30	31

W	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat	Sun
1	2
3	4	5	6	7	8	9
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30