The word "iman" in Arabic means "faith". Iman is the complete acceptance of everything that the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) came with, that is, faith in everything that he said and conveyed to the people from Allah Almighty.
What will happen to a person who does not recognize at least one of the pillars of faith?
Anyone who does not believe in at least one of these six components of iman or doubts them will depart from the faith, i.e. will become a kaafir. He must regret this, repent with all his heart and ask the Almighty for forgiveness. Then he must recite the Shahadah, understanding the meaning of what he is reading. You need to believe in all six pillars of iman and that everything that the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) came with is the truth. A person must believe in all this with his heart and say it out loud.
Faith (iman) consists of six pillars. Whoever denies at least one of the pillars of faith or doubts it is not a Muslim, eternal torment awaits him in the next world.
Pillars of Faith:
1. Faith in Allah.
2. Belief in angels.
3. Faith in books.
4. Faith in messengers.
5. Belief in Judgment Day.
6. Belief in the predestination of fate, in the fact that everything good and bad happens according to the will of Allah.
Faith in Allah
Faith in Allah Almighty lies in our deep conviction that He has twenty inherent qualities or attributes, twenty unacceptable (impossible) and one acceptable attribute for Him. Every Muslim must know these qualities, which are called syfat.
Qualities that are necessarily inherent in Allah Almighty
These qualities of the Almighty are: 1. Existence . 2. Eternity without beginning . 3. Infinity . 4. Independence . 5. Incomparability . 6. Uniqueness . 7. Omnipotence . 8. Will . 9. Omniscience . 10. Eternal life . 11. Speech . 12. Hearing everyone . 13. Omnivision . 14. Almighty . 15. Having a will . 16. Omniscient . 17. Forever alive . 18. Talking . 19. All-Hearing . 20. All-seeing .
True religion and reason require the affirmation of these twenty qualities in relation to Allah. In addition to the above-mentioned qualities, Allah Almighty has 99 more beautiful names-epithets (“al-Asma’ al-husna”). There are also an innumerable number of perfect qualities and great names, the essence of which only He Himself knows.
Qualities that are not inherent in Allah and are unacceptable in relation to Him
Qualities opposite to the twenty listed above are not inherent in Allah Almighty, they are unacceptable to Him: 1. Non-existence . 2. Having a beginning . 3. Having an end . 4. Similarity to someone or something . 5. Dependence on something or someone . 6. Plurality . 7. Lack of power . 8. Lack of will . 9. Ignorance of something . 10. Death . 11. Lack of speech . 12. Lack of hearing . 13. Lack of vision . 14. Not omnipotent . 15. Not having the will to do anything . 16. Not omniscient . 17. Not forever alive . 18. Not talking . 19. Not all-hearing . 20. Not all-seeing .
Allah is pure from these qualities; they are not worthy of Him. The inadmissibility of these qualities in relation to Allah is proven by true religion and reason. Allah is generally pure from all qualities that do not correspond to His Greatness and Perfection.
Allah does not change in time, and time does not change for Him. He himself changes the times. In relation to Allah, one cannot use such spatial reference points as top, bottom, right and left sides, forward, backward, etc. The question “where is Allah?” is meaningless, because the answer to the question “where?” indicates a place in space, such as the heavens or Arsha, or that He is everywhere, and such a statement makes Allah similar to His creations. Allah Almighty is not inherent in movement or static nature, He does not consist of any organs or parts, He is not divided into any parts. Allah is pure from these and other imperfect qualities that liken the Almighty to His creatures and are not worthy of Him. Whoever and in whatever image tries to present Allah, He is absolutely not similar to this image. He is one in essence, in qualities and in deeds. His vision, hearing, knowledge, power and all other qualities have always been and are not created; they are in no way similar to the qualities of people.
The Almighty still has a quality that is not obligatory, but possible, acceptable for Him. This is the creation of something. If He wants something, He creates it; if He doesn’t want it, He doesn’t create it.
No one can fully understand the true greatness, the essence of Allah, His perfection, the truth about Him except Allah Himself. Humanity receives the necessary and sufficient knowledge about Him from Himself through His prophets and from His books. In this world no one sees the Almighty, but in eternal life believers will see Him.
The proof of the existence of Allah is this amazingly and perfectly arranged world around us and His creations. As we know, every thing needs a creator. For example, a watch is made by a master, a car or an airplane testifies to the existence of its designer, etc. Heaven, Earth, planets, the Sun, Moon, stars, mountains, rivers, seas, people, animals, plants and other creations, from atom to galaxies, testify to their Creator, who arranged such an order, controls them and protects them. They cannot be formed on their own, without the Creator. It is Allah who created everything and controls everything.
A person who, seeing such creations, nevertheless does not believe in the existence of Allah, is one who refutes his reason, does not trust it and does not receive any benefit from it.
Pillars of the Islamic religion: duties of Muslims
Speaking about the religion of Muslims, it is important to note that the correct interpretation of the dogma of Islam is not enough to know God. Any dogma must be accompanied by action that confirms the belief. Without supporting faith with practice, it will very quickly lose its power of motivation and its vitality. Therefore, only the systematic reinforcement of faith by the correct observance of ritual religious actions can indicate the fulfillment of a Muslim’s basic duties to Allah.
5 pillars of Islam
- Confession of Shahada. This involves uttering words indicating that a Muslim person does not know any god other than Allah and that Muhammad is a messenger carrying His teachings. Throughout his life, a Muslim must follow the teachings conveyed by the prophet to people, and his life must be the only true example to follow and emulate.
- Prayer. For Muslims this is prayer and salat. Followers of Islam pray 5 times a day, thereby reviving faith in the creator and strengthening it. Prayer is a kind of reminder to a person of the need to follow the highest principles of morality. During prayer, the heart is purified. Prayer allows you to create an obstacle to a person committing bad actions and thoughts. During prayer, a person faces Mecca. Particularly solemn prayers are performed on Friday.
- Uraza or fasting. The month of Ramadan is the most important month in the Muslim year. It is important that the fast is observed with sincere desire. Only in this case will it allow a person to develop willpower, patience and selflessness. In addition, observing the fast helps to form the correct consciousness of society. For 30 days, believers completely abstain from drinking, sexual intercourse and food until nightfall. Of course, there are also categories of people who are allowed not to fast (pregnant women, sick people, etc.). These days you should also not wash during daylight hours.
- Help for the needy (or zakat) or alms. Zakat serves as a way of purifying a person. Although such annual obligatory alms serve as a kind of tax (in the Middle Ages, sunset was officially recognized as a tax) in monetary or commodity equivalent, which is spent on charity. But every Muslim understands that behind alms there is a deeper meaning than just helping the poor.
- Hajj at least once in your life (pilgrimage to Mecca). Everyone who has financial capabilities and health conditions is obliged to visit Mecca. It should be noted that the money for the Hajj must be “clean”. A mandatory act of pilgrimage must be stoning the pillar of Shaitan and circumambulating the Kaaba seven times.
Faith in Angels
It is necessary to believe in angels in general terms, as well as specifically by name, as mentioned in the Holy Quran and noble hadiths. The existence of these angels is true.
How is it necessary to believe in angels in general?
A Muslim must believe that angels are pure, sinless and honorable slaves of Allah, created by Him from light (nura). They strictly carry out the commands of Allah and never disobey Him. They never get tired of worshiping Allah. They do not eat, do not drink, do not sleep and have no sex. The heavens and earth are filled with them, and only the Almighty knows their number. They will die along with other creatures and will be resurrected on Judgment Day.
How is it necessary to believe in angels by name?
A Muslim must know by name and believe in the existence of the following angels: Jabrail - conveys revelations from Allah to the prophets; Mikail - distributes benefits and property on earth; Israfil - will blow the Horn (Sur), announcing the onset of the End of the World, and on the Day of Judgment, to resurrect creations from the dead; Azrael - takes the souls of people at the end of their life span (angel of death). They are archangels, that is, the main angels.
It is also necessary to believe that it is true that the angels Rakib and Atid exist - recording the good and bad deeds of the servants of Allah; Munkar and Nakir - authorized and responsible for the grave interrogation; Rizvan - the leader of the angels who maintain Paradise, and Malik - the leader of the angels who keep order in Hell; angels circumambulating the Arsh, carrying the Arsh, and other angels.
If they ask how you know about the existence of angels, then the answer is: this is known from the Koran and Hadith, for they contain only the truth.
Language
The official language of Saudi Arabia is Standard Arabic, which belongs to the West Semitic group of the Afroasiatic family. One of its dialects is classical Arabic, which, due to its archaic sound, is currently used mainly in a religious context. In everyday life, the Arabian dialect of Arabic (Ammiya) is used, which is closest to the literary Arabic language, which developed from the classical language (el-fuskha). Within the Arabian dialect, the closely related dialects of Hijaz, Asir, Najd and Al-Hasa are distinguished. Although the differences between the literary and spoken languages are less pronounced here than in other Arab countries, the language of the urban inhabitants differs from the dialects of the nomads. Among people from other countries, English, Tagalog, Urdu, Hindi, Farsi, Somali, Indonesian, etc. are also common.
Faith in books
A Muslim must know and believe that from Allah Almighty the angel Gabriel (peace be upon him) gave books and scrolls to the messengers. A total of 104 books were revealed, 100 of them in the form of scrolls and 4 in the form of books. Of these, the most important are the following four books: Tavrat (Torah) - revealed to the prophet Musa (peace be upon him), Zabur (Psalter) - Davud (peace be upon him), Injil (Gospel) - Isa (peace be upon him) and the Koran - Muhammad (peace be upon him) and blessing). Of the scrolls, 10 were sent down to Prophet Adam (peace be upon him), Shis (peace be upon him) - 50, Idris (peace be upon him) - 30, Ibrahim (peace be upon him) - 10.
The books of the Almighty teach people the true religion and the right way of life on earth. The Koran is the last book of the Almighty, which contains the meaning of all previous scriptures. This is the greatest miracle of Allah, which no one can distort until the End of the World. And also no one is able to compose something like the Koran, even the smallest surah.
Population
In 2003, 24,293 thousand people lived in Saudi Arabia, incl. 5576 thousand foreigners. Since the first census conducted in 1974, the population has tripled. In 1990–1996, the average annual population growth was 3.4%, in 2000–2003 – 3.27%. In 2003, the birth rate was 37.2 per 1000 people, the death rate was 5.79. Life expectancy is 68 years. In terms of age, more than half of the country's residents are under 20 years old. Women make up 45% of the population. According to UN forecasts, the population should increase to 39,965 thousand people by 2025.
Population composition. The vast majority of the population of Saudi Arabia are Arabs (Saudi Arabs - 74.2%, Bedouins - 3.9%, Gulf Arabs - 3%), most of whom have retained their tribal organization. The largest tribal associations are Anaza and Shammar, tribes are Avazim, Avamir, Ajman, Ataiba, Bali, Beit Yamani, Beni Atiya, Beni Murra, Beni Sahr, Beni Yas, Wahiba, Davasir, Dakhm, Janaba, Juhaina, Kakhtan, Manasir, manakhil, muahib, mutair, subey, suleiba, shararat, harb, huwaita, huteim, etc. The suleiba tribe, inhabiting the northern regions, is considered to be of non-Arab origin and, according to some sources, consists of descendants of crusaders captured and enslaved. In total, there are more than 100 tribal associations and tribes in the country.
In addition to ethnic Arabs, the country is home to Saudi Arabs of mixed ethnic origin, having Turkish, Iranian, Indonesian, Indian, and African roots. As a rule, these are descendants of pilgrims who settled in the Hijaz region, or Africans who were imported to Arabia as slaves (before the abolition of slavery in 1962, there were up to 750 thousand slaves in the country). The latter live mainly in the coastal regions of Tihama and Al-Hasa, as well as in oases.
Foreign workers make up approx. 22% of the population and consists of non-Saudi Arabs, people from African and Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines), as well as a small number of Europeans and Americans. Foreign-born Arabs live in cities, oil fields and areas bordering Yemen. Representatives of all other peoples are concentrated in large cities and oil fields, where, as a rule, they form more than half of the total population.
Faith in Messengers
A Muslim must believe that messengers are the most honorable and beloved servants of Allah, whom He chose from all mankind, sent them revelation and sent them to the nations to call them to the true religion of the Creator. The first of them is Adam (peace be upon him), and the last is Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). Previous messengers were sent by the Almighty to certain countries, to certain peoples and at certain times. And Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) was sent to all humanity. His message will be valid and will remain until the End of the World. He is the last Prophet and Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), the final link in the chain of prophets.
It is necessary to know by name and believe in the following prophets, whose names are mentioned in the Holy Quran: Adam, Idris, Nuh, Hud, Salih, Ibrahim, Lut, Ismail, Ishaq, Yaqub, Yusuf, Shuaib, Ayub, Zulkifli, Musa, Harun, Sulaiman , Davud, Ilyas, Alyasa, Yunus, Zakarya, Yahya, Isa, Muhammad (may Allah bless them all).
Messengers (rasul) are special slaves of Allah, chosen by Him from all mankind and who received revelation and command from Allah to bring it to people. Prophets (nabis) are also special slaves of Allah, chosen by Him from among humanity and who received revelation from Allah, but they did not receive the command to bring it to people. Messengers are also prophets. Only Allah knows the exact number of prophets. Some scholars say that there were 124 thousand prophets in total, of which 313 were messengers.
Proof of the truth of messengers and prophets are the miracles (mujizat) that Allah Almighty bestowed on them and the special qualities inherent in them.
Qualities of Prophets
Qualities necessarily inherent in prophets
Allah Almighty endowed the prophets with the following perfect qualities, which are necessarily inherent in them: honesty, truthfulness in everything they say, absolute sinlessness, mental perfection, receiving revelation and its complete communication to people; Only men are prophets, and all of them were free from slavery.
Qualities unacceptable for prophets
Prophets cannot have qualities opposite to those listed above, that is, they are unacceptable for them, and all prophets are pure from them. These are: dishonesty, deceit, sinfulness, intellectual imperfection, hiding from people revelations transmitted by the Almighty to bring to them; A woman or a slave cannot be a prophet.
Qualities acceptable for prophets
Acceptable for prophets are various qualities and properties inherent in all people. For example, eating and drinking, sleeping, getting married, trading, anger, illness, death, expressing joy and sadness, fatigue, rest, etc. However, diseases (for example, epilepsy, schizophrenia, etc.) that can to undermine their authority and belittle their degree in the eyes of people is not inherent in prophets.
Prophets are the best, most valuable creations of Allah Almighty. Among the prophets, the most revered are the messengers, and among the messengers are the following five: Muhammad, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa and Nuh (peace be upon them all). These five prophets are called "ulul-azmi" ("those with strong determination"). Of these, the most revered, chosen from all humanity, the most valuable and best of Allah’s creations, sent by Him as a mercy for all worlds, is Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him).
State structure
The first legal documents establishing the general principles of government and governance of the country were adopted in March 1992. According to the fundamentals of the government system, Saudi Arabia is an absolute theocratic monarchy, ruled by the sons and grandsons of the founding king Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman al-Faisal Al Saud. The Holy Quran serves as the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Sharia).
Since 1932, the country has been ruled by the Saudi dynasty. The head of state and religious leader of the country (Imam) is the Servant of the Two Holy Mosques, the King (Malik) since June 13, 1982, the country has been ruled by Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who is also the Prime Minister, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Supreme Judge. On August 1, 2005, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia died and Crown Prince Abdullah, Fahd's brother, became ruler.
The head of state has full executive, legislative and judicial powers. His powers are theoretically limited only by Shariah norms and Saudi traditions. The king is called upon to maintain the unity of the royal family, religious leaders (ulema) and other elements of Saudi society.
According to the constitution, the king heads the government (in its current form it has existed since 1953) and determines the main directions of its activities. The Council of Ministers combines both executive and legislative functions. All its decisions, which must be compatible with Sharia law, are made by a majority vote and are subject to final approval by royal decree.
Belief in Judgment Day
Every Muslim must be convinced that the interrogation in the grave, starting from the day of death, the resurrection from the dead on the Day of Judgment, the Horn of Israfil, which he will blow, the gathering of all the people in the area called Arasat, and that the people in accordance with with their deeds they will drown there in sweat (except for special categories of people), that the Almighty will reprimand His slaves, that the righteous will receive their “Books of Deeds” on the right, after which Allah will send them to Paradise by His mercy, and sinners on the left, after which Allah will send them to Hell according to His justice, weighing good and bad deeds on the Scales of justice, also intercession on the Day of Judgment, the Sirat bridge thrown over Hell and serving as a test for believers, Hell itself and all the punishments and torments in it, Paradise and all the blessings in him, Khawz of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) (a source whose water quenches thirst forever), etc. - all this is the truth. The Koran and Hadith tell us about this, and they contain only the truth.
There is no death in the other world; it is the eternal and everlasting refuge of man.
Judicial system
The civil and judicial codes are based on the provisions of Sharia. Thus, all marriage, divorce, property, inheritance, criminal and other matters are regulated by Islamic regulations. Several secular laws were also passed in 1993. The country's judicial system consists of disciplinary and general courts, which hear simple criminal and civil cases; Shariah Court; and the Supreme Court, which reviews and reviews all the most serious cases, and also monitors the activities of other courts. The activities of all courts are based on Islamic law. The courts are presided over by religious judges - qadis.
The King is the highest court of appeal and has the power to issue pardons.
The country retains the death penalty; Since the Gulf War in 1991, Saudi Arabia has seen a steady increase in the number of executions.
Belief in predestination of fate
A Muslim must believe that everything in this world, be it good or bad, happens according to the will of Allah, according to the destiny predetermined by Him, which He knew about even before the creation of the Universe. However, people are given the right to choose between good and evil. Allah Almighty gifted people with intelligence so that they could distinguish between good and evil, sent prophets to them to teach them to do good and avoid what is forbidden, and sent down books to them. He spoke about the reward that awaits those who have done good in the Eternal World, and about the punishment intended for those who have committed evil. Therefore, those who do good are pleased with Allah Almighty, but those who do evil incur His wrath.
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Foreign policy
Saudi Arabia has been a member of the UN and the League of Arab States (LAS) since 1945, a member of the IMF and World Bank since 1957, and a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since 1960. Since 1948 it has been in a state of War with Israel. Plays a significant and constructive role in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and Arab and Islamic financial assistance and development institutions. One of the world's largest donors, it provides assistance to a number of Arab, African and Asian countries. Since 1970, the headquarters of the secretariat of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and its subsidiary organization, the Islamic Development Bank, established in 1969, have been located in Jeddah.
One of the main principles of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy is Islamic solidarity. The Saudi government often helps resolve regional crises and supports Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. As a member of the Arab League, Saudi Arabia advocates the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the territories occupied in June 1967; supports a peaceful solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict, but at the same time condemns the Camp David Accords, which, in their opinion, are not capable of guaranteeing the right of the Palestinians to create their own state and determine the status of Jerusalem. The latest Middle East peace plan was proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah in March 2002 at the annual Arab League summit. In accordance with it, Israel was asked to withdraw all its forces from the territories occupied after 1967, return Palestinian refugees and recognize an independent Palestinian state with its capital in east Jerusalem. In exchange, Israel was guaranteed recognition by all Arab countries and the restoration of “normal relations.” However, as a result of the position taken by a number of Arab countries and Israel, the plan failed.
The country has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation. They were first established with the USSR in 1926. The Soviet mission was withdrawn in 1938; in September 1990, an agreement was reached on the complete normalization of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Saudi Arabia; The embassy in Riyadh has been operating since May 1991.
Education
Education is free and open to all citizens, although not compulsory. In 1926, a law was passed on compulsory primary education and the creation of secular public schools.
There are 16 universities and 7 universities in the country. Universities are under the authority of the Ministry of Higher Education. The number of university students in 1996 was 143,787 people, teaching staff - 9,490 people. About 30 thousand students study abroad.
Thanks to government educational programs, the authorities managed to significantly reduce the level of illiteracy among the population.
Lifestyle
Arab nomads inhabiting desert areas roam between pastures and oases in search of food and water. Their traditional home is tents woven from black sheep and goat wool. Sedentary Arabs are characterized by dwellings made of sun-dried bricks, whitewashed or painted with ocher. Slums, once quite common, have now become rare thanks to government housing policies.
The staple foods of the Arabs are mutton, lamb, chicken and game, seasoned with rice and raisins. Common dishes include soups and stews cooked with onions and lentils. A lot of fruits are eaten, especially dates and figs, as well as nuts and vegetables. A popular drink is coffee. Camel, sheep and goat milk is consumed. Sheep's milk ghee (dahn) is commonly used for cooking.
Who started the Muslim calendar?
Traditionally, the Islamic world lives according to its own calendar, consisting of 354 days, and based on July 16, 622 - the day of the migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. This event was key in the history of Islam, and it was on that day that its founder began the countdown of a new time. Since the Muslim calendar is 10–11 days shorter than the generally accepted (solar) calendar, all dates in it shift annually, including the dates of its two main holidays.
Status of women
Men play a dominant role in Saudi society. Women do not appear in public without a veil over their face and a cape that covers their body from head to toe.
Marriage is considered a civil contract and is accompanied by a financial agreement between the spouses, which must be registered in a religious court.
The main responsibility of a wife is to care for her husband and raise children. Marriages are generally monogamous, although a man is allowed to have up to four wives.
A woman can approach a qadi for a divorce if there are grounds for doing so, such as mistreatment by her husband and meager maintenance, or sexual neglect.
Medicine
The country has a free healthcare system. Thanks to high spending on health care (over 8% of the budget), medical care in the kingdom has reached a very high level over the past decades. It applies to almost the entire population of the country - from residents of large cities to Bedouin tribes wandering in the desert.
Immunization of infants and young children is mandatory. The creation of an epidemic control system in 1986 made it possible to eliminate diseases such as cholera, plague and yellow fever.
The significance of the prophet's activities
Muhammad managed to create a religion that became global. In addition, he united the Arab tribes and brought them out of political chaos. Thanks to this, they soon began to pursue a policy of large-scale conquest, spreading Islam throughout the world. Military campaigns brought wealth and glory, because the army was distinguished by strict discipline and unity. These two principles were laid down by the founder of the religion, who understood that the unification of the pagan Arab tribes could not be achieved in any other way.
The Prophet declared that there is only one God (Allah) and it was he who created the Universe. Also, the Arabs were organized by Mohammed into a single society, which became an Islamic community of Muslims completely devoted to Allah. In his sermons he called for the fight against idolatry, starting with his compatriots.
Economy
Currently, the basis of the Saudi Arabian economy is free private enterprise. Meanwhile, the government exercises control over major areas of economic activity. Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves in the world, is considered the largest oil exporter and plays a leading role in OPEC. Proven reserves of crude oil amount to 261.7 billion barrels, or 35 billion tons (26% of all reserves), and natural gas - about 6.339 trillion. cube m. (as of January 2002).
There are also reserves of iron ore, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and gold.
Oil brings the country up to 90% of export revenues, 75% of government revenues and 35–45% of GDP. Approximately 25% of GDP comes from the private sector. In 2001, Saudi Arabia's GDP was equivalent to $241 billion, or $8,460 per person.
What is halal
In the broadest sense of the word, halal means everything that is permitted to Muslims; the antonym of halal is haram, “forbidden.” However, in everyday speech, “halal” usually means permitted food. Forbidden includes, for example, pork, as well as the meat of permitted animals (beef, lamb, etc.), if they were killed illegally (for example, strangled, beaten with sticks, or simply killed without mentioning the name of God) or died a natural death. Muslim communities belonging to different schools of law may have different rules regarding halal food. In addition, Muslims are prohibited from drinking alcohol. If there is a threat of death from starvation, it is permitted to consume prohibited foods, but only in the minimum quantity necessary to maintain life.
Concept of state
The ideal form of organization of statehood in the Koran is conceived as an egalitarian secular theocracy. In it all believers are equal before the law of God. In religion there was no institutionalization of the church and clergy so that people could independently communicate with Allah. In a theocratic country, legislative power belonged to the Koran, and executive power, as well as secular and religious power, belonged to God. Its implementation in the state goes through the caliph, who serves as the head of the Muslim community. He was also the military, administrative and religious leader of the group. Under his leadership, all members of the community took an oath to obey God.
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