ancient city in Palestine. From 1949 to 1967 it was divided between Israel (most of the New City) and Jordan (mostly the Old City). In 1967, Israel occupied the Jordanian sector and declared Jerusalem a single municipality under Israeli administration. The holy city of three world religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Jerusalem is located on the Judean Plateau at an altitude of 740 m, 58 km east of the Mediterranean Sea and 30 km west of the Dead Sea.
Also on topic:
ISRAEL (country)
History of the Ancients: Jerusalem in the Pre-Canaanite Period
As evidenced by archaeological finds on the territory of the holy city, the first human settlements were here 3000 years before the birth of Christ. The first written mention of the name of the city of Rushalimum dates back to the 19th-18th centuries BC. e. Probably, the inhabitants of Jerusalem were already at enmity with the Egyptians in those days, since the name of the city was recorded in ritual inscriptions of curses for the enemies of Egypt.
There are different versions about the origin of the name of the settlement. Thus, the earliest name is considered to be Irushalem, meaning that the city was under the protection of some ancient deity. In other manuscripts the name is associated with the word “peace” (“shalom”). But in the first book, the Bible, Jerusalem is called Shalem, which means “Canaanite.” This is due to the fact that before the Jews the city belonged to the Canaanite pagan tribes.
How to get from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem
You can get to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv in less than an hour from the Arlozorov central bus station by bus number 480. The fare is 21 shekels. Then take the tram to the fifth stop, City Hall. Cost 6.9 shekels. (you can read more about moving around Israel by public transport here). Next you need to go down a little. The entire old city is surrounded by a high wall, it can be seen from afar. There are several entrances/exits in the wall. The closest one to you is the Damascus Gate.
Jerusalem in the Canaanite period
The history of Jerusalem at this time, although it contains little written evidence, is full of interesting events. Thus, having become a city-state, Jerusalem played an important role in its region. It was ruled by a dynasty of kings, who simultaneously served as priests of an unknown deity - the patron of the city.
In the XIV-XII centuries BC. e. twelve tribes of Israel return from Egypt. Led by Joshua, they conquer the city-state, breaking the resistance of five neighboring kings who united against them. However, the resistance of the local population was too active, and, unable to hold the city, the Jews gave it to the Jebusite people.
Implications for Christianity
In addition to its significance in the Old Testament, Jerusalem, the city of three religions, holds a central place in Christianity. This is where the baby Jesus was first brought to the Temple to be presented before the Lord (Luke 2:22). Here Christ preached and healed. He brought his apostles to Jerusalem, drove out the merchants from the Temple (Mark 11:15), and here he preached his sermon on the Mount of Olives, where he prayed before his arrest and from where he ascended. The Last Supper took place in this ancient city. In Jerusalem, Jesus was crucified, buried and resurrected. Here the Holy Spirit descended on the apostles, from here they went to different parts of the world to carry the Word and Faith of Christ.
Jerusalem - the capital of King David
For many years Jerusalem remained under the rule of the Jebusites. The history of the city at that time did not contain particularly bright events - constant wars between Jews and Jebusites exhausted it. However, only in the 10th century BC. e. Under the leadership of King David, the city was finally conquered by the Jews. The Jebusites were expelled from the central part of Jerusalem, but for a long time remained to live on the outskirts.
Having conquered Jerusalem, David declared the city the property of the tribe of Judah, to which he himself belonged. Moreover, over time, Jerusalem received the status of the royal capital. With the relocation of the Jewish shrine, the Ark of the Covenant, to the city, the history of Jerusalem as a religious center began.
During the years of his reign, King David did a lot for the development of the city. However, Jerusalem truly became a “pearl” during the reign of his son, Solomon. This king built a majestic Temple in which the Ark of the Covenant was kept for many years. Also under Solomon, the Jebusites were finally expelled from the city, and Jerusalem itself became one of the richest settlements in the region. However, after the death of Solomon, no worthy successor was found, and the kingdom of the Jews split into two states: Northern and Southern. Jerusalem remained in the possession of the Davidic dynasty, which ruled the Southern Kingdom.
The history of the holy city in subsequent years is a catalog of wars. So, less than ten years after the death of Solomon, the Egyptian king attacked Jerusalem. To save the shrine, the ruling king Rehoboam pays a huge ransom, thereby destroying the city's economy.
Over the next two hundred years, Jerusalem was captured and partially destroyed by the ruler of the Northern Kingdom of the Jews and later by the Syrians. During the Egyptian-Babylonian War, the holy city belonged to the Egyptians for a short time, and then was conquered by the Babylonians. In retaliation for the Jewish uprising, the ruler of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar, destroyed the city almost to the ground, and resettled most of the population to his own country.
What to see in Jerusalem?
Attractions
The main attractions, including the Temple Mount, are located in East Jerusalem. First of all, it is worth visiting the main Christian cathedral - the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to legend, it was erected exactly on the spot where Christ was crucified. Inside the temple, you can not only learn how the Holy Fire appears on Easter, but also climb Golgotha, the hill on which Jesus was crucified.
Then you should go to one of the most sacred places for Jews - the Western Wall. It is located next to the Temple Mount and is a surviving wall of the Second Temple, destroyed as a result of the Roman invasion in the 1st century. You can leave a note with your wish in the Wall - you just have to fold it very compactly. You cannot turn your back to the attraction, so you will have to move backwards away from it!
The holiest place for Jews is on the Temple Mount. This was once the site of Israel's First Temple, built by Solomon in the 6th century BC. Then the Second Temple of Israel was built on top of the hill. And as a result, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock appeared on this site. By the way, the mosque is considered the third Muslim shrine after the temples in Mecca and Medina.
In Jerusalem, it is worth visiting the Valley of Hinnom, better known as “Gehenna of Fire.” Once upon a time, garbage and dead animals were burned at this place, hence the popular expression. It is also worth taking a walk along Via Dolorosa, where, according to legend, the last journey of Jesus lay, and don’t forget to walk through the quarters of the Old Town.
Museums
Jerusalem houses the country's most important museums with excellent collections of antiquities and interesting modern exhibitions. The main one among them is the Israel Museum. It is located in the Valley of the Cross, next to the building of the Israeli parliament - the Knesset. Its collection contains archaeological finds dating back to the Stone Age. There is also a collection of paintings on display here, including paintings by Van Gogh, Cezanne, Renoir, Picasso and Dali.
Another history museum, this time of the history of Jerusalem, is located in the Old City in the restored Tower of David. Its collection includes archaeological artifacts from the 2nd century BC. The exhibition is complemented by photographs, videos and filmstrips.
Well, the most famous modern museum in Israel is located on the Mount of Memory and is called Yad Vashem. It is known to tourists as the “Museum of the Disaster.” Its exhibition is intended to honor the memory of the victims of the Holocaust, and also tells about those who fought against fascism and sheltered Jews in their homes. 1 million people visit the museum each year, making it the second most popular attraction in the country after the Western Wall. Entrance to the museum is free.
Parks
The most famous park in Jerusalem is the Garden of Gethsemane, where, according to legend, Jesus spent his last night before his arrest. On the territory of the garden there are 8 thousand-year-old olive trees - the oldest in the entire globe. The Valley of Gethsemane itself is located at the foot of the Mount of Olives in East Jerusalem, and on its territory there are three churches: the Catholic Church of All Nations and the Orthodox churches of the Assumption and St. Mary Magdalene.
The city's largest green area, Saker Park, stretches from government buildings on the Givat Ram hill. Baseball, cricket and American football players love to gather here. And on Independence Day, thousands of Jerusalemites flock to the park for a picnic.
Well, the most original in the city is Park HaMesila, or Rail Park. It stretched along the railway: from the entrance to the city to its center. Ottoman trains once ran along this route, but over time the line was closed and the narrow strip of land was planted with trees and flowers. The rails were left as a memory of the history of Jerusalem.
Festivals and events
It is completely natural that most tourists come to Jerusalem for religious holidays. On Easter, the Holy Fire descends in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher; on Christmas, the famous midnight mass is celebrated in the Basilica of the Nativity in neighboring Bethlehem.
Of the Jewish holidays, Hanukkah is celebrated in December. In March, people have fun at the Purim masquerade - at this time numerous parties take place throughout the city. In April, during the celebration of the Jewish Passover - "Passover" - Seder meals are held, which pilgrims and even tourists can join. And at the Western Wall there is an impressive blessing of the priests - “Birkat Ha-Kohanim”.
Among the social events in Jerusalem, the most beautiful is the Festival of Lights, which takes place in late June - early July. During this time, you can admire numerous light installations in the Old Town. Fancy paintings appear on the walls of buildings, videos and even three-dimensional images are broadcast.
Theaters and galleries
The Jerusalem Theater opened in 1982. His productions combine Hebrew and Aramaic texts with modern expressive elements. This is why theater performances are so different from classical drama productions. The most famous performances here are staged in the style of “Midrash” - one of the methods of interpreting the Bible. Actors in such productions tell their stories to the audience using music, dance and movement.
Among the art galleries in Jerusalem, Ticho House stands out. It is located outside the walls of the Old City and is considered the first building built in the entire central region. In the 20th century, the artist Anna Tikho and her husband Abraham settled here. Anna painted portraits of Jerusalemites and cityscapes, and Dr. Tycho treated rich and poor in his open clinic on the ground floor of the building. After the death of the artist and her husband, the house was turned into a museum.
Second Temple period
After the destruction of Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem was empty for seventy years. The history of the Jews resettled in Babylon over the years is full of amazing examples of heroism and fidelity to their religion and traditions. Jerusalem became a symbol of freedom for them, and therefore they dreamed of returning there and restoring it. However, the Jews received this opportunity only after the conquest of the Babylonians by the Persians. The Persian king Cyrus allowed Abraham's descendants to return home and begin rebuilding Jerusalem.
88 years after the destruction of the holy city, it was partially restored, especially the Temple, in which ceremonies began to be held again. Over the next five centuries, until the birth of Jesus, Jerusalem passed from one conqueror to another. The history of the holy city during this period is the ongoing struggle of the Jews for independence, which was never crowned with success. In the 4th century BC. e. Jerusalem was captured by Alexander the Great and later by his successor Ptolemy I. Despite their dependence on the Greeks and Egyptians, the Jews had autonomy, which allowed Israel to prosper.
In the 2nd century BC. e. The Hellenization of the population of Jerusalem begins. The temple was robbed and turned into a sanctuary of the supreme god of the Greeks, Zeus. This act causes mass protests among Jews, which develop into an uprising led by Judas Maccabee. The rebels manage to capture part of Jerusalem and clear the Temple of pagan religious objects.
Old Testament city.
Jerusalem was finally conquered by the Jews shortly after 1000 BC. The first campaign against the city was carried out by David (2 Samuel 5:6–10; 1 Chronicles 11:4–9). Jerusalem was apparently well fortified, as the Jebusite defenders are reported to have boasted of its impregnability. Nevertheless, in the battle where Joab distinguished himself, David’s soldiers managed to capture the city. Presumably they entered the city through a tunnel through which water entered. Since then, the fortress of Zion has been named after the city of David.
According to the Bible, David “built the city around.” These words seem to refer to the work done on the city walls. During excavations in Jerusalem, a fragment of a wall 8 m wide was discovered. It is believed that this is part of the wall of the city of the Jebusites, which, after repair and strengthening, became the main fortification of the City of David. The tower and earthen mound erected at the spring of Gion could well have been built in the time of David or Solomon.
Possessing powerful fortifications, the city of David was relatively small. In the east, its border was a hill above the Kidron Valley, and the entire city occupied the space of the spring of Gion to the vicinity of the Pool of Siloam.
Under King Solomon (c. 973 - c. 933 BC), Jerusalem expanded significantly and became an international trading center. The new wall, built by Solomon, probably surrounded part of the hill located in the west of the plateau. The temple complex north of Ophel, erected by Solomon, became the most important part of the city. see also
TEMPLE.
The main feature of the Temple area's natural landscape is the large rock outcrop that can still be seen beneath the Dome of the Rock. Probably, the altar was erected on the rock itself, and the Temple was located strictly to the west of it. It took Solomon seven years to build the Temple; cedar was brought from Lebanon for its construction, and King Hiram of Tire sent craftsmen. Solomon's Palace, which took 13 years to build, was located due south of the Temple, as was the palace of Pharaoh's daughter, Solomon's wife. Nearby were the famous columned portico and various administrative offices.
The water supply system of Jebusite Jerusalem, connected to the spring of Gion, was expanded. The new aqueduct ran along the edge of the hill from the Gion source to the so-called. The Old, or Lower, Pond below the City of David. During the time of King Hezekiah, the old aqueducts were abandoned, but a new Tunnel of Siloam was cut through which the waters of Gion flowed into the Upper, or Pond of Siloam. This pond was located inside the walled city, not far from the old pond. To reach the Pool of Siloam, the tunnel had to be cut through solid rock at a depth of 520 m. Workers used wedges, hammers and picks, they worked at both ends and eventually met in the middle of the tunnel inside the hill. Not far from the Siloam exit, the following inscription was discovered: “For a long time we made our way forward, and now the goal has been achieved.” The tunnel was probably constructed by Hezekiah, mentioned in 2 Kings 20:20 and 2 Chronicles 32:30, to ensure a more reliable water supply in the face of the threat of a Palestinian invasion and the possibility of a siege of Jerusalem by King Sennacherib (701 BC) of Assyria. ).
Jerusalem managed to escape capture by Sennacherib, but was taken by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 598 BC. and again after the uprising of 587 BC, when the city suffered particularly brutal destruction. The walls were torn down, the Temple, the king's palace, and "all the houses in Jerusalem, and all the great houses" were burned (2 Kings 25:8-10). Then a memorable oath was born: “If I forget you, O Jerusalem, forget me, my right hand” (Ps. 136).
After the return of the Jews from Babylonian captivity, Jerusalem was rebuilt. Under the leadership of Zerubbabel, a new, Second Temple was built (516 BC), it was smaller and more modest than Solomon's Temple. The inspiration for the restoration of the city walls was Nehemiah, as the Book of Nehemiah tells.
For many years after this (until about 445 BC), Jerusalem remained a small city of no political importance, although it became for a time the spiritual center for Diaspora Jews. During the struggle between the Ptolemies and Seleucids, Palestine was first captured by the rulers of Egypt. Jerusalem probably resisted on at least one occasion, as Ptolemy I is recorded to have taken the city on the Jewish Sabbath (320 BC), when religious prohibitions prevented the townspeople from effectively defending themselves. However, in 198 BC. Antiochus III the Great eventually managed to recapture Palestine, and after that Jerusalem became part of the possessions of the rulers of Syria. The Seleucids were adherents of Hellenistic culture, and during this period Greek clothing, customs and athletic exercises became widespread in Jerusalem. Rumor ascribes to the high priest Jason the construction of a gymnasium near the temple, which was later called Sixtus. However, when in 168 BC. Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to destroy the religion of the Jews, actually desecrating the Jerusalem Temple and stopping religious sacrifices, but he encountered stubborn resistance. Having little chance of victory, the Maccabees nevertheless rebelled, and after a long and fierce struggle, the Jews achieved independence. At the initial stage of the uprising, Antiochus Epiphanes controlled not only the Temple, but also the fortress of Acre, located at a dominant height to the south of the temple complex. Three years later, the Maccabees recaptured the Temple and rededicated it. Since then, this event has been celebrated with the Feast of Consecration (Hanukkah). After more than twenty years, they managed to completely clear Acre of enemies and finally liberate Jerusalem by 143 BC. After this, the Maccabees destroyed Acre and razed the top of the hill on which it stood, in order to eliminate the future threat to the temple complex. They built the Baris fortress on a rock in the northwestern part of the Temple enclosure. Another building of the Maccabean period was the palace of the Hasmoneans (as the later Maccabees were called), which remained in existence during the time of Herod Agrippa II.
Jerusalem in the time of Jesus Christ. Roman and Byzantine periods
In the middle of the 1st century BC. e. Jerusalem becomes one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. The history of the city during this period is full of events important for one of the most widespread and influential world religions - Christianity. Indeed, during the reign of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus (King Herod the Great ruled in Jerusalem), Jesus Christ was born. Having lived only 33 years, due to the envy and intrigue of the Jewish spiritual leaders, He was crucified in Jerusalem on Mount Golgotha.
After the resurrection and ascension of Christ, the disciples began to spread His creed. However, the Jews themselves reacted negatively to the new religion and began to oppress their brothers who professed it. Continuing to dream of independence, in the second half of the 1st century the Jews rebelled. For 4 years they held Jerusalem until Emperor Titus came to power in Rome, who brutally suppressed the uprising, burned the Temple and destroyed the city. For the next few decades, Jerusalem was in ruins.
During the reign of Emperor Hadrian, the Roman colony of Aelia Capitolina was founded on the ruins of the city. Due to the desecration of the holy city, the Jews rebelled again and held Jerusalem for almost 3 years. When the city passed back to the Romans, Jews were forbidden to live in it under pain of death, and they began to build a temple of Venus (Aphrodite) on Golgotha.
After Christianity became the official religion of the empire, Jerusalem was rebuilt again by order of Emperor Constantine. Pagan temples were destroyed, and Christian churches were erected at the site of the execution and burial of the body of Christ. Jews were now allowed to visit the city only on rare holidays.
During the reign of the Byzantine rulers Julian, Eudokia and Justinian, Jerusalem flourished again, becoming the capital of Christianity. Jews began to be treated better and were sometimes allowed to settle in the holy city. However, in the 7th century, the Jews, united with the Persians, captured Jerusalem and destroyed many Christian sanctuaries. After 16 years, the capital was recaptured by the Byzantines, and the Jews were expelled.
New Testament city.
Under the Hasmonean ruler Alexander Iannai (c. 103 - c. 76 BC), the independent kingdom of Judah achieved almost the same greatness as under David. However, his sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II started an internecine struggle for the throne, as a result of which the Romans managed to establish their control over the country. When Pompey in 63 BC arrived in Jerusalem, the supporters of Aristobulus took refuge on the fortified hill of the temple complex, and Hyrcanus entered into an alliance with the Roman commander. After a three-month siege, the Temple was taken on the Jewish Sabbath, and the clergy allowed themselves to be exterminated because they were engaged in religious rites. Like Antiochus Epiphanes, Pompey entered the Holy of Holies of the Temple, but unlike him, he did not plunder wealth and did not persecute the Jews.
Hyrcanus II (d. 30 BC) and his friend and comrade Antipater the Edomite played a skillful political game and sided with Julius Caesar when he became the ruler of Rome, thereby ensuring special privileges for Judea. Antipater, in turn, appointed his two sons, Phasael and Herod, as rulers of Jerusalem and Galilee. As a result, Rome made Herod king of Judea, and he reigned from 40 to 4 BC. Herod the Great was a tireless builder, and under him Jerusalem acquired the appearance with which the city entered the era of Christianity.
Herod restored the city walls destroyed by Pompey. In the old city he built three new towers - Hippik, Phasail and Mariamne. According to Joseph's description, the bases of the towers were strong masonry. The towers had battlements and turrets, and there were rooms inside them. They were probably erected on the spot where the so-called now stands. Tower of David near Jaffa Gate.
Herod's palace was adjacent to the towers. Josephus reports that the palace had halls of incredible size for feasts and sleeping quarters for hundreds of guests, canals were dug around the palace and trees were planted.
In the northwestern part of the temple complex, Herod rebuilt the fortress of Baris and renamed it the fortress of Antonia - in honor of Mark Antony, who in those years ruled the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Each of the four corners of the fortress, which stood on a rocky cliff, was crowned with powerful towers. Inside the fortress there was a magnificent palace, and outside it was connected by stairs and bridges with the galleries of the temple.
Herod the Great also completed the construction of walls around the hill on which the temple was located; A typical example of the stonework of that time can still be seen on the Western Wall in the western part of the temple complex. The wall is made of huge stone blocks.
Under Herod, many buildings were built in Jerusalem, including a theater, an amphitheater and a hippodrome, but his most important building achievement is considered to be the rebuilding of the Temple itself. The king did not hide his attachment to pagan culture, but ordered that the work be carried out in the strictest accordance with the canons of Judaism, and only specially trained clergy were used as construction workers. At the same time, Herod himself did not enter the inner confines of the Temple, where only an initiate could set foot. Work began in 20–19 BC, and the reconstruction of the Temple itself was completed a year and a half later. Construction continued until the Romans burned the Temple in 70 AD.
According to the data cited by Joseph, it was possible to enter the outer courtyard of the temple complex on the western side through four gates; other sources mention two gates in the south - one in the east and one in the north. The walls of the outer court had porticoes, and a particularly notable structure was the basilica on the south side, which had no less than 162 columns, which could hardly be covered by three men. The outer court was usually called the court of the goyim (the court of the pagans), since the uninitiated were allowed to enter it.
The interior of the Temple was separated by a partition, and only Jews had access inside. Josephus mentions inscriptions with appropriate warnings on this wall, and these inscriptions have been found by modern archaeologists. The inner Temple consisted of a courtyard for women, a courtyard for men and a courtyard for priests.
In the courtyard for the clergy, directly opposite the palace building, as expected, there was an altar. A flight of twelve steps was erected above it, which led to the sanctuary - a structure of huge white stones covered with gold. The inner room of the sanctuary was called the Holy of Holies. The general appearance of this building, a symbol of the Jewish faith, must have amazed the imagination, and the rabbis proudly said: “Whoever has not seen the new Temple of Herod has never seen a beautiful building in his life.”
Josephus mentions three city walls, two of which were restored with the permission of Julius Caesar and remained in this form until the time of Christ. The third wall, which Herod Agrippa I began to build, was completed shortly before 70 AD. The first, oldest wall went west from the temple complex to the three towers of Herod and then encircled the entire southwestern part of the city. Some of its fragments were found south of modern Jerusalem. The second wall started from a gate called Ginaf and covered the north of the city, ending at the Antonia fortress. The Gate of Ginath was probably located near Herod's towers, but the question of where the wall ran from this place to the Antonia fortress remains controversial. The main question is whether the wall was located internally or externally to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. If the church remained outside the wall, then the generally accepted view of the site of Jesus' crucifixion and burial is inaccurate, since the New Testament says that Christ suffered "without going beyond the gates." If the wall ran inside the place where the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is now located, then it may indeed coincide with the place where Jesus was crucified and buried, this fact was authoritatively confirmed in the time of Constantine the Great and has not been refuted since then.
The third wall, the construction of which began after Christ, went from the tower of Hippicus, surrounded the vast northern outskirts and returned to the northwestern corner of the temple complex. Fragments of this wall were recently discovered in the northern part of the city. All these walls are located significantly north of the modern wall around the city, which was probably built by Hadrian when in the 2nd century. Jerusalem was a Roman colony.
A number of places associated with the life of Jesus can be identified with a high degree of accuracy. The Pool of Siloam still bears this ancient name, while the Pool of Bethesda was probably located in a low area near the church of St. Anna, north of the temple complex. The gate through which Christ triumphantly entered was apparently located near the Golden Gate. Gethsemane was approximately the site of the modern Gethsemane Church on the lower slopes of the Mount of Olives. Pilate's Praetorium could have been located in Castle Antonia, although some researchers believe that it could have been located in the palace of Herod Antipas. The Jerusalem residence of Herod Antipas, to whom Jesus was also taken (Luke 23:7), may have been in the Hasmonean palace, between the temple complex and Herod's palace. As already noted, Golgotha could be on the site of the modern Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
In 70, during the Jewish uprising, Jerusalem was besieged, taken and destroyed by the Roman commander (later emperor) Titus. The temple was burned and the city was razed to the ground. When Titus left the city, only three of Herod's towers and part of the wall remained. see also
HERODIADS.
Jerusalem under Arab rule
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, admirers of the religion he founded, Islam, led by Caliph Omar, took possession of Jerusalem. Since then, the city has remained in Arab hands for many years. It is noteworthy that when constructing mosques, Muslims did not destroy the shrines of other religions. They also allowed Christians and Jews to live and pray in the capital of the now three religions. Since the 8th century, Jerusalem has gradually lost its status as a capital for the Arabs. In addition, until the arrival of the crusaders, religious wars in the city did not subside.
History of Monotheism Armstrong
The author has written 25 books devoted to issues of various spiritual faiths. She explores and analyzes the common origins of world religions, their unity and differences in moral and ethical standards, philosophy, myths, true history and speculation. The Washington Post has called the writer an outstanding and prolific historian of religion. The American Daily describes Armstrong as one of the most brilliant, wide-ranging and always interesting contemporary writers.
The most famous and acclaimed book was “The History of God” in 1993, in which the writer traces the evolution of the three main monotheistic traditions from their origins in the Middle East to the present day, and also discusses Hinduism and Buddhism. In this work, as in the book “Jerusalem: One City, Three Religions,” Armstrong is not afraid to think unconventionally and comprehensively about how the concept of a single god appeared and developed in three world beliefs, on what the commonality and opposition of their religious fundamentalism is based, which resulted in centuries-long confrontation between peoples of different spiritual teachings.
Conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. Mamluk period
At the end of the 11th century, the head of the Catholic Church, Urban II, initiated the conquest of Jerusalem by the crusading knights. Having captured the city, the crusaders declared it their capital and massacred all Arabs and Jews. In the first years of the reign of the Knights Templar, the city experienced a decline, but soon the economy of Jerusalem was stabilized due to numerous pilgrims from Europe. Jews and Muslims were again banned from living here.
After the conquest of the religious capital by Saladin, it again became Muslim. The crusaders' attempts to capture Jerusalem were unsuccessful. In the 30-40s of the 13th century, the city was divided between Christians and Muslims. But soon the Khorezmian army captured the city and destroyed it.
From the middle of the 13th century, Egypt was conquered by the Mamluk Muslims. For more than 60 years Jerusalem belonged to them. At that time, Jews again had the opportunity to return to their homeland. However, the city did not receive enormous economic development during this period.
Topography.
Ancient Jerusalem was located in the center of the Judean plateau, which is composed mainly of solid limestone and is framed to the west, south and east by valleys. In the west, the plateau is surrounded by the Valley of Hinnom. In the east, this valley retains its ancient name - Kidron. Parallel to the Kidron Valley there is another valley, small in comparison. Over the centuries, it filled with sediment, but in ancient times it served as a clearer dividing line between the eastern and western parts of the city. Currently it is called el-Wad, but previously it had a colorful name - the Valley of the Cheesemakers, or Tyropeon.
Also on topic:
JEWS
Before the construction of aqueducts, the city was supplied with water from two sources. One was located just below the junction of the Kidron and Hinnom valleys, now it is called Bir Ayyub, and in ancient times it was called En-Rogel. Another spring, Ain Sitti Mariam, is located at the foot of the Western Hill of the Kidron Valley. In ancient times it was called Gion.
Jerusalem under the Ottoman Empire. City under British rule
The 16th century was marked by the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Selim I was able to conquer the holy city of three religions, and his son Suleiman was engaged in the reconstruction of Jerusalem for a long time. Over time, this sultan allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the holy city.
Years later, Jerusalem ceased to be perceived by the Turks as a religious center and gradually faded away, turning into one of the fortresses for defense against nomadic tribes. But in later eras, its economy has seen both ups and downs. Over the years, the main source of income became pilgrims, who became more and more numerous. Shrines of Muslims, Jews and various Christian denominations were built here.
The capital of three religions belonged to the Turks until 1917, when the Ottoman Empire, having lost the First World War, was destroyed. From that time until 1948, Jerusalem was ruled by Great Britain. The British government tried to give all believers, regardless of denomination, the opportunity to live peacefully in the city. In addition, Jews could now settle in their ancient capital. Therefore, over the next decade their numbers increased, which contributed to the economic development of the city.
However, by the early 1930s, Muslims, noticing the growing Jewish population and fearing the loss of their privileges, began to rebel. In subsequent years, hundreds of people died due to numerous Arab-Jewish conflicts in the city. Ultimately, the British, with the assistance of the UN, decide to make Jerusalem a free city where both Jews and Arabs can live.
The bloody appearance of the city
Written with grace and clarity and the result of years of research, Karen Armstrong's book on the Israeli capital combines depth of historical research, impartial spiritual analysis and accessible exploration of the question - why is Jerusalem called the city of three religions?
Mainstream monotheistic teachings consider Israel's capital to be sacred. However, no city has a bloodier history of destruction and strife. Christians should not be considered the most merciful party. Of all the invaders whose motivation could be considered the most religious, perhaps the Crusaders should be called the most merciless and vicious. After their first army captured Jerusalem in 1099, the soldiers killed all the Muslims and Jews they could find. The carnage continued until piles of heads, arms and legs filled the city streets.
National and religious passions are ingrained in every stone of Jerusalem. A minor reason is enough to provoke a conflict. For example, the discovery by the Israelis in 1996 of an archaeological tunnel in the Old City at the foot of the Al-Aqsa Mosque was enough to spark three days of killings and riots by the Palestinians.
Return of Jerusalem by the Jews. Modern Jerusalem
Declaring the holy city international could not stop the Arab-Israeli conflicts, which soon escalated into war. As a result, in 1948, Israel became an independent country, which received West Jerusalem, but at the same time the area called the Old City remained under the control of Transjordan.
After years of wars and various treaties that neither Arabs nor Jews respected, Jerusalem was reunited in 1967 and named the capital of the Israeli state. It is noteworthy that in 1988, Israel was declared the capital of the Palestinian state and is still officially part of it. However, both decisions are still not recognized by most countries of the world, including the UN.
Today, despite numerous disputes about the identity of the city, representatives of most nations live in it. In addition to Jewish, Arab, German and English, there are also Russian communities. As the capital of three religions, Jerusalem is full of Jewish and Christian temples and Muslim mosques built in different eras. Thanks to tourism and an organized system of city management, Jerusalem is on the rise today.
Climate.
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PALESTINE ANCIENT
Jerusalem's climate is similar to that of other parts of Israel and Jordan; The year is divided into two seasons - rainy (winter) and dry (summer). Because Jerusalem is at higher elevations, maximum and minimum temperatures are higher and the weather changes more quickly than in other parts of the area. The rains begin in October or November and last until March or April. During these seven months the city receives almost all of its rainfall, which averages approx. 560 mm per year. From May to September the rains practically stop. Average temperature in January (the coldest month) is approx. 7° C, July (the warmest month) - 23° C. In winter, temperatures often drop below zero, and snow sometimes falls. In summer, maximum temperatures range from 32 to 38° C, sometimes up to 44° C. The prevailing winds are northwest, but in summer the northeast khamsin often blows from the desert, which brings dry heat.
The soils are thin, and in some areas there is no soil horizon at all. Natural vegetation is represented mainly by herbs, shrubs, and pine trees in some places. Wild flowers bloom in early spring, including crocuses and irises.
Wall of Tears
It is impossible not to mention the legendary Western Wall when considering the history of the holy city, because everyone who arrives in Jerusalem strives to visit this place. The Western Wall (Jewish history knows it as the Western Wall) is the only part of the Second Temple structure that has survived to this day. It is located near the Temple Mount in the Old City. It is believed that on this very mountain, the ancestor of the Jews, Abraham, was once going to sacrifice his son Isaac.
Despite the repeated destruction of the city, the Western Wall stood and became a symbol of hope and strength for Jews. Since the destruction of Jerusalem by the Roman Emperor Titus, the Western Wall has become a place of prayer and mourning for Jews. For 19 years (since 1948), the Arabs did not allow Jews to this sacred place. But since independence, millions of pilgrims of all religions come here every year. According to Jewish tradition, the space near the wall is divided by a small wall so that men and women pray separately. The tradition of leaving notes with cherished desires in the spaces between ancient bricks is also popular among tourists.
What to do in Jerusalem?
Excursions
There are no problems with Russian-speaking guides in Jerusalem. The cost of a sightseeing tour of the Old City starts from $42 for a combined tourist group. Hiking to the Jerusalem dungeons is also popular. For a ticket for such an excursion you will have to pay $50-70, depending on the size of the group.
For those who want to see even more biblical sites, tours of Nazareth and Galilee, as well as the Jordan Valley, are available. This excursion lasts all day (8 hours), and ticket prices start at $60.
And, of course, from Jerusalem it is worth going to the Palestinian territory to Bethlehem and see the Basilica of the Nativity and the silver star at the birthplace of Jesus. All foreign citizens can go on such a trip quite safely. True, at the border you will have to change from a car or bus with Israeli license plates to a Palestinian one. A group excursion by bus will cost $50-60, and the price for an individual trip will be $160-170.
Night life
Nightlife in Jerusalem is in full swing: after all, the city is considered a “student city”. The bar center is the area at the intersection of Jaffa and Ben Sira streets. Here every day you can meet crowds of vacationers of different ages. Young people also prefer bars on Rivlin Street, while older people gather in the Russian Compound on Heleni Ha-Malka and Havatzelet streets.
Most entertainment venues in Jerusalem close for Shabbat. However, even on Friday evenings you can find open dance clubs. For example, in the industrial and warehouse district of Talpiot. You can listen to live music in the city here at the Yellow Submarine bar.
If you want a cultural night program, then you should visit the multimedia show “Night Extravaganza”. It takes place in the Old City in the Tower of David and tells about the history of Jerusalem. It is also worth visiting the cultural museum, opened on the territory of the city’s first railway station.
Food and restaurants
It is impossible to imagine Israeli cuisine without hummus and falafel. The first one is served in any cafe and restaurant, and in terms of satiety, it completely replaces the main course. Falafel is the most popular Israeli fast food, with meatballs made from ground chickpeas (a type of legume) in pita bread, and can be found in markets or small fast food joints.
Among the main dishes, it is worth trying St. Peter's fish - Galilean tilapia. It is cooked on the grill and served with vegetables and French fries. According to legend, the Apostle Peter found a coin in the mouth of such a fish, with which he was able to pay the temple tax. Now this dish is considered the most ordered in Israel. If you like scrambled eggs, then you will definitely like shakshuka with bell peppers, herbs and tomatoes. Also worth trying for main course is the legendary local roast “cholent” (or “khamin”). Well, for drinks, order the unique local pomegranate wine.
Before traveling to Jerusalem, be prepared for the fact that food here is not the cheapest. So, falafel in a small fast food cafe costs around $2-3. And a 10% tip will be added to the cost of dishes from the restaurant menu. If you want to eat on a budget, then you should go to one of the local markets. For example, Mahane Yehuda or Carmel. There you can inexpensively and fill your fill with excellent Israeli fast food. Budget ready-made food and coffee can also be bought at the Cofix chain of coffee shops and supermarkets.
As for cafes with an average bill of $15 per person, the best hummus in the Old City is prepared at Lina Restaurant on Al Khanka Street. The establishment is open on Shabbat. If you want to try Arabic cuisine, then you should visit the Abu Shukri cafe on Al Wad Hagai Street. Well, one of the most popular restaurants among Jerusalem celebrities is Azura in the Mahane Yehuda market. National kosher dishes are prepared here, and lunch will cost $20-30 per person.
Health
Of course, the main medical resorts in Israel are located on the Dead Sea coast. However, even though there is no ordinary sea in Jerusalem, there are many spa hotels and separate health centers in the city. They are located both in the city itself and on the territory of country clubs and kibbutzim in the surrounding area. In large centers, in addition to the procedures themselves, you will be offered to visit the hammam, swim in the pool or work out on exercise equipment.
Excellent spa centers are located at the Royal Orchid Hotel, Crowne Plaza Jerusalem and Mamilla Hotel. The latter specializes in holistic medicine, in which it is believed that treatment must be approached comprehensively and affect not only the body, but also the mental state of a person. Among the countryside spa centers, the Cramim Spa resort in Kibbutz Kiryat Anavim stands out.
Shopping
Buying souvenirs in Jerusalem is not difficult - street stalls and shops are located near most attractions. For thoughtful shopping, you can head to the pedestrian streets of Nahalat Shiva and Ben Yehuda. Well, large shopping centers are located in the Talpiot area and on the Rabin-Malha Mall highway.
However, the most popular and authentic shopping destination in the city is the Mahane Yehuda Market. It is so interesting and large-scale that there are even separate excursions here. You certainly won’t find such an atmosphere in the rest of the city!
What should you bring from Jerusalem? Of course, Dead Sea cosmetics! Regardless of the company, the appearance of the packaging and other marketing tricks, such Israeli-made cosmetics will be of excellent quality!
Among the national souvenirs, pay attention to the menorah candlestick and the hamsa amulet in the form of a hand and a red thread. It is believed that the Israeli red wool thread protects against envy and evil. However, for it to work, you need to buy it and personally bring it to the tomb of Rachel, the mother of the Jewish people.
Believers can bring as a gift a pilgrim's set with a grain of holy land, a pilgrim's cross and various icons. Also in the city you can find many souvenirs with the image of the Star of Bethlehem.
Museum "New Jerusalem": history of the monastery
With the adoption of Christianity in the Roman Empire, interest in Jerusalem increased. After the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher there, many rulers wanted to build churches similar to the one in Jerusalem in their countries. Since then, every temple or monastery built in the likeness of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was called “New Jerusalem.” History knows many such New Jerusalems, later called Calvary. It is worth noting that European Calvaries more often copied the holy city itself, rather than the structure of the temple.
But in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century, Patriarch Nikon, not far from Moscow, built a copy of the Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulcher, as well as a monastery called “New Jerusalem”. The history of the monastery goes back more than three and a half centuries. It was then, in 1656, that the construction of the monastery complex began, which was supposed to be an exact copy of the sacred places for every Christian in Jerusalem. For ten years, Nikon supervised the construction and decoration of the monastery. However, later the patriarch fell into disgrace, and the last stages of construction of the monastery were completed without him.
Being not only one of the most beautiful, but also the richest monasteries in the Russian Empire, New Jerusalem monasteries were repeatedly tried to be deprived of land holdings. But this was only possible during the reign of Peter I. Fortunately, with the ascension to the throne of his daughter Elizabeth, who took the monastery under personal protection, the monastery flourished again. This period of prosperity, when the monastery owned 22 thousand acres of land and more than 10,00 peasants, was short-lived. After the accession of Catherine II, during the reform to remove land from the property of churches and monasteries, the monastery lost most of its possessions and existed only at the expense of pilgrims and donations. Fortunately, their number increased from year to year. And with the construction of the railway at the end of the 19th century, the number of pilgrims per year exceeded thirty thousand people.
After the Revolution, in 1919, the history of the “New Jerusalem” was interrupted, as it was closed. And three years later, the Kunsthistorisches Museum was opened in its place. During the Second World War, the German occupiers blew up many structures on the territory of the museum complex, in particular, the Resurrection Cathedral. After the victory, many buildings were restored, and since 1959 the museum was again open to the public.
After the collapse of the USSR in 1993-1994, after long negotiations, the museum was turned into a monastery. However, the Museum and Exhibition Complex called “New Jerusalem” continued to exist on its territory. Today, like a century ago, pilgrims from all over the world come here not only to admire this amazing architectural monument, but also to pray.
Because of mankind's love of war, many great cities of the past were destroyed, and today only ruins stand in their place. Fortunately, the capital of three religions, Jerusalem, suffered a different fate. The history of this city includes sixteen serious destructions, and each time, like the mythical Phoenix bird, Jerusalem rose from the ashes. And today the city is thriving, inviting everyone to see with their own eyes the places where Jesus Christ lived and preached.
About the city
Geographical location
Jerusalem is located on the border between Israel and Palestine, 60 km from the Mediterranean coast. From the north, south and west the city is surrounded by hills called Judean. The height of some of them reaches 1000 meters above sea level. The Old City of Jerusalem is located at an altitude of 760 meters. Once upon a time, the slopes of these hills were covered with pine forests, almond and olive groves. However, over time, the green spaces were destroyed and the terrain became semi-desert.
Climate and weather
The Mediterranean climate dominates the territory of Jerusalem. In summer it is hot and there is practically no rain. The highest temperatures are observed in July and August. At this time, the air can warm up to +40°C. Winters in Jerusalem, on the contrary, are wet. The main precipitation falls from November to May. During the cold season, summer temperatures of +26°C are quite possible here, with an average temperature of +12-18°C.
The best time to see Jerusalem in all its glory is early spring. At this time, the Garden of Gethsemane and many city parks are blooming, and the weather is not yet hot. If you want to combine a trip to Jerusalem with a beach holiday on the Mediterranean or Red Sea coast, then the ideal time is considered to be the period from February to May.
Population
About 900,000 people live in Jerusalem. The city has long grown beyond its old center, surrounded by medieval fortress walls. In fact, it is divided into two parts: West and East Jerusalem. Both are under Israeli control. East Jerusalem is often called “Arab” - these places are unofficially considered the “Palestinian” part of the city. Interestingly, Jerusalem is a city with a young population. 35.7% of its citizens are students from local universities.
There are as many nationalities in Jerusalem as there are religions. Muslims, Jews and Christians live here. Of the latter, parishioners of the Protestant, Armenian Gregorian, Greek Orthodox, Syro-Jacobite and Coptic Orthodox churches are distinguished. Many of the national diasporas now living in Jerusalem once arrived in the city as pilgrims, and are now considered almost its indigenous inhabitants. However, the vast majority of city residents still profess Judaism (65%).
Story
The first mention of Jerusalem appears in ancient Egyptian sources in the 2nd millennium BC. Although ancient tribes lived in this area as early as 4500 BC. The founders of the city are considered to be the Jebusite tribe. The first fortress walls around Jerusalem were built by the Canaanites (Phoenicians) in the 17th century BC.
Jews came to these places in 1000 BC. King David built a fortified area here, proclaiming the newly created “City of David” as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel. He was succeeded by his son Solomon, who founded the First Temple on the sacred Temple Mount. The significance of the place was given by the main shrine of the Jews - the Ark of the Covenant, in which, according to legend, stone tablets with the 10 commandments were kept.
From the 6th century BC, Jerusalem faced a series of wars and conquests. These lands were owned in turn by the Babylonians and Persians, Greeks and Romans, Arabs and Egyptians. Temples sacred to the Jews were built and destroyed, and the city residents themselves were either driven out of its borders or given freedom and preferences.
The city became a center of Christian culture in the 4th century during the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. By his order, one of the main shrines of the Christian world was built here - the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The city acquired its Muslim appearance in the 7th century, when its lands came into the possession of the Arab caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty.
Then came the era of the Crusades. Jerusalem then passed into the possession of Christians, then again returned to Muslims. This continued until the XIII-XV centuries, until the Ottoman conquerors finally settled in the city. Under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Jerusalem reached the peak of its development. At the same time, impressive fortress walls around the Old Town were re-erected, which have survived to this day. However, over time, both the Ottoman Empire itself and the city fell into decay.
Already in the 20th century, Jerusalem, as part of the Mandatory Palestinian Territory, came into the possession of the British Empire, and in 1947, the UN Assembly decided to divide Palestine into Israeli and Arab states. We know the further history of these places well.
Economy
Jerusalem, located far from the sea coast, for a long time received income only from pilgrims and tourists. The city was even recognized as the most popular travel destination in Africa and the Middle East. Every year about 3 million people come to see local attractions.
Jerusalem's economy and employment have been positively impacted by the location of the national government here. The government apparatus creates many jobs. In addition, young startups and technology companies are strongly supported in Jerusalem. It also houses major research and development centers owned by Intel, Teva, IBM and Cisco. For this, the city was even awarded the title of a developing technological center of the planet (a total of five such places were chosen in the world).
There are also several universities in Jerusalem, including the prestigious University of Jerusalem, one of the top 200 higher education institutions in the world. About 17% of the city's residents are employed in education. But the development of industry here is hindered in every possible way - only 2% of the city territory is given over to industrial land. But this is understandable, because the city and its surroundings are one large open-air museum.
Urban transport
There are bus and tram lines in Jerusalem. Travel within the city costs around $2. Single tickets and “anonymous” bus passes can be purchased from the driver or from vending machines at bus stops. However, in order to save up to 50% of the ticket price when purchasing a travel pass, you will have to issue a special personalized card. Tariffs for non-personalized (anonymous) travel cards are not as profitable. Tickets for trams can only be bought from vending machines at stops.
Trams in the city operate from 5:30 am, and buses run from 7:00 am. The first ones run until midnight, and the second ones until 23:00. However, some bus routes also operate at night. On Friday from 15:00 all city transport stops and starts moving only on Saturday evening. There are different bus companies serving West and East Jerusalem. In the Jewish (western) part, the Egged carrier is considered a monopolist, and in the Arab (eastern) part - the East Jerusalem Association of Bus Companies.
If you want to see the outskirts of the city, you can do this by intercity buses. Tickets for suburban and intercity flights can be purchased at ticket offices at bus stations. Well, on Shabbat, minibuses help tourists out.
Safety
Jerusalem is considered a safe city. According to statistics, most crimes between local residents here are committed due to ethnic conflicts. The chance of being robbed in Jerusalem remains quite low. However, this does not mean that there are no petty thieves in the city. Therefore, tourists are advised not to put valuables, money and documents in open pockets of clothing or the outer compartments of backpacks.
Also in the city there is a risk of being deceived when buying souvenirs, ordering a taxi and during other tourist activities. So don't forget to haggle over prices, plus it's an integral part of Middle Eastern culture!
When going to Orthodox areas of the city, to holy places, temples, synagogues and mosques, do not forget about the local dress code. Women must wear long skirts and cover their shoulders and arms up to the elbows, while men must wear trousers and long-sleeved shirts. It is also not recommended to show feelings, kiss or hold hands on the street, even if you are a married couple.
Connection
As in any large and modern city, in Jerusalem you can easily find wi-fi connection points. They are available in most restaurants and hotels. There are also internet cafes and vintage telephone booths in the city. A card for calling them can be purchased at the post office.
As for cellular communications, there are three mobile operators in the city from which tourists can purchase a SIM card with prepaid tariffs: Orange, Cellcom and YouPhone. You can buy such SIM cards at the airport, operator showrooms or mobile phone sales points.
Cards for replenishing accounts are sold at the post office, in Mega supermarkets, currency exchange offices and even in newsstands. A SIM card costs about $14, of which $11 is credited directly to your account. The minimum replenishment amount is $14 for a prepaid card and $17 when replenishing your account through mobile operator stores.
How to get there
The closest airport to Jerusalem is located in Tel Aviv. Up to 8 direct flights fly from Moscow to Ben Gurion every day. They are operated by Ural Airlines, Aeroflot and the Israeli carrier El Al. Flight time is 4 hours.
You can then travel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by bus. Unless, of course, you arrive exactly on Shabbat. Bus 405 runs from the Central Bus Station in the south of the city to the bus station in Jerusalem. Route 480 leaves for Jerusalem from the Arlozorov bus station (Terminal 2000) in the north of Tel Aviv. You will spend about 1 hour on the road. Buses leave every 20 minutes.
There is also a railway between the two cities and passenger trains run. True, you will have to spend more time on the way - 1.5 hours. In addition, there is also a special high-speed line, on which you can travel directly from Ben Gurion Airport to Jerusalem in half an hour. However, it is better to book tickets for the high-speed train in advance. You can also get to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv by regular minibus. However, you will have to wait until it is filled to capacity. But this is the only transport that runs on Shabbat.
Implications for Islam
Muslim tradition states that in 610 Muhammad visited Jerusalem on an overnight journey called isra. The Prophet was carried to the city from the walls of the Kaaba by Burak, a mythical winged animal. In one night, Muhammad traveled a great distance to pray in Jerusalem and then ascend to heaven, where angels cut his chest and washed his heart. The ascension of the prophet is called miray.
The area where the prayer and ascension took place was the Temple Mount, on the site of el-Aqsa, the third most important mosque among Muslims after the sanctuaries in Mecca and Medina. After his night journey, Muhammad designated it as a place of pilgrimage. The dome of al-Aqsa is much more modest than the Qubbat al-Sakhra (Dome of the Ascension), built in memory of the mirai of Muhammad. This grandiose vault, according to reviews of the city of three religions Jerusalem, is often mistaken for el-Aqsa. Jerusalem served as the first qiblah for Muslims until 625, the direction of prayer, which was then transferred to the Kaaba in Mecca (Quran 2: 142-151).
Armstrong's book and trip to the capital of Israel
The British writer’s research is directly related to historical actions and those described in the sacred scriptures of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Is it worth reading Karen Armstrong's book if you are planning a tour of Jerusalem, the city of three religions? Her work is not a guide to attractions and places of worship. It is better to study the history of the confrontation and conquest of the ancient capital after traveling to Israel and visiting the legendary places of pilgrimage, when the spirit of this centuries-old city will be felt. Armstrong's dictum will then be clear and poignant that one of the inescapable messages of Jerusalem is to understand that suffering does not necessarily make people better and nobler, despite romantic myths that claim the opposite. More often the opposite happens.
Christian shrines
Going to the Old City of the Israeli capital, every Christian will certainly visit the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the “Way of Sorrow” Via Dolorosa leading to it. These are especially dear and revered places for all followers of Christ. The temple, which is also called the Church of the Resurrection, is located in the Christian quarter of Old Jerusalem. According to traditions dating back to at least the fourth century, the church contains two holy sites: the hill of Golgotha, where Jesus of Nazareth was crucified, and the empty tomb of His repose and resurrection. The sacred burial site is surrounded by a 19th-century shrine called the Aedicula.
According to Eusebius of Caesarea, the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD. e. built a small temple to hide the cave in which Jesus was buried. The first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great, ordered the sanctuary to be replaced with a church around 325–326. Today it is a more extensive complex that has grown over many centuries. Inside the church itself are the last four (by some definitions five) episodes of Christ's Stations of the Cross as He made His way to Calvary. Jesus moved along the street, later named Via Dolorosa, which is translated from Latin as “The Way of Suffering.” The church has been a major site of Christian pilgrimage since its creation in the fourth century.
