Bamboo

Subfamily Bamboo shoots

Scientific classification:

Kingdom: Plants Division: Flowering plants Class: Monocots Order: Cereals Family: Cereals Subfamily:
Bamboo Latin name:
Bambusoideae Luerss.
Tribes:

• Bamboos ( Bambuseae
  )
• Oleraceae ( Olyreae
  )

Catalogs: NCBI: 147366
Template: ··

Shape: o s

Bamboo groves on the banks of the Lijiang River in China

Bamboo

(Latin Bambusoideae) is a large subfamily of plants in the Poaceae family. There are about 1200 species in the subfamily. There are 2 main types of bamboos, which are simultaneously representatives of two taxonomic tribes:

• Bamboo tribe (lat. bambuseae): representatives are woody plants with a slender, often branching, often tall stem, airy, graceful crowns, herbaceous leaves, and sometimes with giant paniculate inflorescences.
• Tribe olyrae (lat. olyreae): representatives are plants that grow like “ordinary” grasses, form thickets and do not become lignified; As a rule, these plants are rarely taller than one meter.

Content

• 1 Description 1.1 Growth and development of some species
• 1.2 Flowering

Rules of care

Nothing lasts forever, but proper care keeps a thing in its original condition for a long time. What you need to know when caring for products made from bamboo fiber:

• Recommended washing temperature is not higher than 40 degrees;
• For washing, you must use a detergent with a neutral composition;
• It is better to use liquid detergents, as powder residues can damage the fibers;
• Do not use bleaches or aggressive compounds;
• It is recommended to dry the product in natural conditions, placing it on a horizontal surface;
• When drying blankets or pillows with bamboo filling, it is recommended to shake them periodically;
• After sleep, do not rush to make your bed. Give her time to “breathe”;
• It is recommended to periodically fluff blankets and pillows with this filling;
• It is advisable to let the product “breathe” in the fresh air several times a year. However, you should not do this in wet weather - bamboo absorbs water well.

As you can see, caring for bamboo products is very simple. Bamboo is an incredible plant that never ceases to amaze. The only surprise is why man mastered it so late as a raw material in the textile industry. After all, it is simply a storehouse of health and beneficial properties. Products made from it are not fancy and beautiful in appearance. What else does a modern person who is constantly in a hurry to somewhere need?!

© 2020 textiletrend.ru

Description[edit]

Growth and development of some species[edit]

Almost all bamboo reach enormous sizes (for example, Dendrocalamus brandisii

can grow up to 38 m, while the circumference of the stem reaches 80 cm, that is, about 25 cm in diameter).
Plants of the bamboo subfamily are the most important industrial crops in many countries of the world, and the common bamboo Bambusa arundinacea
can be compared in this respect only with the coconut palm.
The homeland of common bamboo is unknown, although it is widespread in both hemispheres of the Earth. From the rhizome of ordinary bamboo, numerous stems grow very quickly and vigorously, 18 m long and higher, on which there are leaves 18 cm long and 1.3 cm wide. Ordinary bamboo blooms once every 25 years, very abundantly and simultaneously over large areas, forms fruits, and then dies off completely or only its above-ground shoots die off, while the rhizomes remain. The giant bamboo Bambusa gigantea blooms once every 30 years. Bambusa tulda
in Indochina grows 22 m in one month. In the Amazon basin, broadleaf bamboo
Bambusa latifolia
is an important part of the native flora.
Bambusa fortunei
is especially common as an ornamental plant .

Bamboo is characterized by a high growth rate; a record speed was recorded in madake ( Phyllostachys bambusoides

), grown by 120 cm in one day [1].

When cultivating bamboo as ornamental plants, it must be remembered that this plant is characterized by a very developed rhizome, so it is capable of “capturing” large areas in a short period of time. To prevent such “dispersal”, it is recommended to create special fences in the ground before planting, beyond which the rhizomes could not grow.

Bloom[edit]

Blooming bamboo
Some types of bamboo bloom extremely rarely - once every hundred years or even less often. Even saz or low-growing bamboo

blooms once every 20 years.

If the plant “survives” until the moment of flowering, then it dies immediately after it, since during this period it uses up its last reserves of energy. As a rule, the flowering period covers large areas where bamboo grows. In this case, the death of plants following flowering often leads to the complete disappearance of bamboo in a given area. A similar case, for example, occurred in Europe in the 90s of the last century, where bamboo is cultivated as a garden plant. It should be noted that regular pruning can prevent flowering and subsequent death of the plant.

Because bamboo blooms so rarely, flowering itself has not yet been studied much. For example, it is not yet fully known why the flowering period occurs so rarely and what is the trigger for its onset. Scientists suggest that such a rare flowering of bamboo is an evolutionary adaptation that ensures the reproduction of bamboo - there are no animals or birds in nature that would exclusively eat the seeds of this plant - after all, it is almost impossible to survive until the next flowering.

Description

Growth and development of some species

Bamboo groves on the banks of the Lijiang River in China
Almost all bamboo reach enormous sizes (for example, Dendrocalamus brandisii

can grow up to 38 m, while the circumference of the stem reaches 80 cm, that is, about 25 cm in diameter).
Plants of the bamboo subfamily are the most important industrial crops in many countries of the world, and the common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris
can be compared in this respect only with the coconut palm.
The homeland of common bamboo is unknown, although it is widespread in both hemispheres of the Earth. From the rhizome of ordinary bamboo, numerous stems grow very quickly and vigorously, 18 m long and higher, on which there are leaves 18 cm long and 1.3 cm wide. Each group, clone[2] or the entire population in the area for several decades[3] does not bloom, then blooms simultaneously and very profusely, after fruiting it usually dies[2] completely or only its ground shoots die, but the rhizomes are preserved. The giant bamboo Bambusa gigantea blooms about once every 30 years. Bambusa tulda
in Indochina grows 22 m in one month. In the Amazon basin, broadleaf bamboo
Bambusa latifolia
is an important part of the native flora.
Bambusa fortunei
is especially common as an ornamental plant .

Bamboo is characterized by a high growth rate; a record speed was recorded in madake ( Phyllostachys bambusoides

), grown by 120 cm in one day [4].

When cultivating bamboo as ornamental plants, it must be remembered that this plant is characterized by a very developed rhizome, so it is capable of “capturing” large areas in a short period of time. To prevent such “dispersal”, it is recommended to create special fences in the ground before planting, beyond which the rhizomes could not grow.

Bloom

Blooming bamboo
Some types of bamboo bloom extremely rarely - once every hundred years or even less often. Even saz or low-growing bamboo

blooms once every 20 years.

If the plant “survives” until the moment of flowering, then it dies immediately after it, since during this period it uses up its last reserves of energy. As a rule, the flowering period covers large areas where bamboo grows. In this case, the death of plants following flowering often leads to the complete disappearance of bamboo in a given area. A similar case, for example, occurred in Europe in the 90s of the 20th century, where bamboo is cultivated as a garden plant. It should be noted that regular pruning can prevent flowering and subsequent death of the plant.

Because bamboo blooms so rarely, flowering itself has not yet been studied much. For example, it is not yet fully known why the flowering period occurs so rarely and what is the trigger for its onset. Scientists suggest that such a rare flowering of bamboo is an evolutionary adaptation that ensures the reproduction of bamboo - there are no animals or birds in nature that would exclusively eat the seeds of this plant - after all, it is almost impossible to survive until the next flowering.

Distribution[edit]

Being tropical and subtropical plants, bamboos grow naturally in Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa and Australia. Herbaceous bamboo is found exclusively in the tropics, while some woody species do quite well in colder areas. For example, Chusquea aristata

in the eastern Andes at an altitude of 4700 m above sea level it forms impenetrable thickets that rise even higher - right up to the snow line, and in the Himalayan mountains several types of bamboo rise to a height of up to 3800 m,
Bambusa metake
from Japan and several types of Chinese bamboo grow well in Central Europe.
Representatives of the genus Sasa ( Sasa
) grow even on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands (see Kuril bamboo).

Application[edit]

As a food[edit]

Fresh bamboo shoots in the store The giant panda's only food is bamboo shoots.
Young bamboo shoots are used as food as vegetables. And Bambusa

,
Dendrocalamus
and
Phyllostachys
are the most commonly eaten species.

Freshly cut bamboo shoots have a very hard, light yellow core with narrow bridges at the knees of the air chambers. Bamboo used for food is cut immediately after germination, when the shoots are still covered with very strong, pubescent dark brown leaves, which are removed before cooking.

Bamboo shoots are mainly imported from Asia and Latin America. In Europe, bamboo as an agricultural plant is cultivated only in Italy.

Bamboo shoots contain a cyanogenic glycoside that is destroyed during cooking. Many types of bamboo contain bitterness, which is also destroyed by cooking. In Japan, bamboo shoots are boiled, for example, together with “nuka” - flour that is formed when rice is polished and contains primarily the outer layers of the rice grain.

Due to the fact that bamboo shoots contain a lot of silicic acid (H2SiO3), which is necessary for maintaining the normal condition of hair, skin and bones, and which has a calming effect on depression, they are used in traditional oriental medicine.[2]

Bamboo seeds, similar to oats, can also be eaten.

Bamboo is the giant panda's only food.

Use of bamboo: Scaffolding in Mumbai, India House built from bamboo Using bamboo mats in Japan to protect trees from frost

As a building material[edit]

You can build houses from hard, light and very durable wood. Once upon a time, the entire capital of Thailand rested on bamboo rafts. Bridges and water pipelines were also built from bamboo.

In gardening[edit]

In Chinese gardening, bamboo is one of the main elements. In European gardens it is also becoming increasingly popular.

Bamboo groves, bamboo on terraces, design of patios, protection from light and wind - all this can be used in ornamental gardening. Lush green foliage, stems of different colors and shapes suit any garden and harmonize perfectly with flowers and trees.

Bamboo is an evergreen plant, so its shoots can be enjoyed even in winter

For the production of household items[edit]

• Bamboo is used to make furniture. It is used to make hats, wicker baskets and curtains, chopsticks and much more.
• Residents of Java use bamboo both as a “ware” for cooking and as food itself - young bamboo shoots are baked on coals in bamboo knees.
• In China it was used as a writing material, like brushes.
• In Japan, in the Middle Ages, containers for bulk materials and liquids, such as flasks, were made from thick bamboo tubes.
• A variety of wicker items are made from split bamboo, including outerwear.
• In Europe, canes and handles for umbrellas were made from bamboo for a long time. Bamboo fishing rods and ski poles are well known. In the USA, even bicycle frames were made from bamboo at the end of the 19th century.
• In India, the Bansphor caste (from Bans
  - bamboo) used to stand out as a closed community of artisans specializing in the manufacture of bamboo products.

In the manufacture of musical instruments[edit]

In some countries, primarily China, Indonesia, Japan, and the island of Tahiti, a variety of musical instruments are made from bamboo. For example, in Japan, shakuhachi flutes are made from bamboo.

However, the use of bamboo is not limited to wind instruments; plucked and percussion musical instruments are also made from it.

As a weapon[edit]

Various types of weapons were and are currently being made from bamboo: blowguns, shafts, arrows, arrowheads, spears and palisades.

In Japan, samurai bows are made from bamboo through a very complex processing process. Using similar processing technology, bows are also made from bamboo for modern archery athletes.

During the Vietnam War, guerrillas fighting against American troops set up traps and wolf pits, the bottom of which was strewn with a palisade of bamboo poles with the tops cut at an acute angle.

The sharpened bamboo stakes served as improvised weapons for Indonesian militias during the struggle for independence against the Dutch colonialists. In Indonesia there is such a bamboo peak (Indian. Bambu running, lit. sharp bamboo

) is a symbol of the national liberation war.

They were also used as an instrument of painful and lengthy execution. The executed person was secured above the cut off top. The bamboo grew and pierced the executed man.

As a raw material[edit]

In China, most paper was made from young bamboo shoots, and bamboo fiber produced in Jamaica was the main raw material for North American paper mills.

The so-called tabaxir is formed in the internodes of old shoots, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine and also as a polishing material and is exported in large volumes to Arabia.

Cultural significance[edit]

Ink painting on paper "Bamboo" by Chinese artist Xu Wei (c. 1540-1590)
Bamboo has numerous symbolic meanings. For example, in China it symbolizes longevity, in India it is a symbol of friendship. In the Philippines, farmers place bamboo crosses in their plantations as a talisman to attract good fortune.

In Japan, bamboo is also associated with positive concepts. Since bamboo has a very straight growth and fresh green color of shoots and foliage, in Japan it is considered a symbol of purity. Together with pine branches and cherry blossoms, bamboo is a symbol of the Land of the Rising Sun. The three plants are not only symbols of happiness, but are also used to represent the price ranges of sushi (sushi). At the end of the year, bundles of pine branches and bamboo shoots (kadomatsu) appear on every front door in Japan, which, according to the Japanese, attract happiness to the house in the coming year.

Bamboo has been a favorite subject for many Chinese artists. One of the most famous masters of bamboo painting was the artist (Sung era) Wen Tong (1019-1079; Wen Tong).

Since bamboo blooms very rarely, and its seeds are eaten mainly in times of famine, the flowering of bamboo in some cultures is interpreted as a harbinger of famine.

In some Asian cultures, such as Andaman, it is believed that all of humanity originated from the internodes of bamboo shoots. And in Japan and Malaysia, there are beliefs about a young (and very tiny) girl who lives in the trunk of a bamboo and appears if you cut the shoot.

There are proverbs, sayings and other popular expressions with the word bamboo. “That’s not how bamboo bends!” - Vietnamese slogan during the war with the United States. “Smoking bamboo” is a Russian slang phrase meaning inactivity.

Cultural significance

Ink painting on paper "Bamboo", by Chinese artist Xu Wei (c. 1540-1590) There
are numerous symbolic meanings associated with bamboo. For example, in China it symbolizes longevity, in India it is a symbol of friendship. In the Philippines, farmers place bamboo crosses in their plantations as a talisman to attract good fortune.

In Japan, bamboo is also associated with positive concepts. Since bamboo has a very straight growth and fresh green color of shoots and foliage, in Japan it is considered a symbol of purity. Together with pine branches and cherry blossoms, bamboo is a symbol of the Land of the Rising Sun. The three plants are not only symbols of happiness, but are also used to represent the price ranges of sushi (sushi). At the end of the year, bundles of pine branches and bamboo shoots (kadomatsu) appear on every front door in Japan, which, according to the Japanese, attract happiness to the house in the coming year.

Bamboo has been a favorite subject for many Chinese artists. One of the most famous masters of bamboo painting was the (Song era) artist Wen Tong (1019-1079).

Since bamboo blooms very rarely, and its seeds are eaten mainly in times of famine, the flowering of bamboo in some cultures is interpreted as a harbinger of famine.

In some Asian cultures, such as Andaman, it is believed that all of humanity originated from the internodes of bamboo shoots. And in Japan and Malaysia, there are beliefs about a young (and very tiny) girl who lives in the trunk of a bamboo and appears if you cut the shoot.

There are proverbs, sayings and other popular expressions with the word bamboo. “That’s not how bamboo bends!” - Vietnamese slogan during the war with the United States. “Smoking bamboo” is a Russian slang phrase meaning inactivity.

• Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus

  ) in the Berlin Botanical Garden

• Bambusa ventricosa

  with its typical internodes

• Phyllostachys aurea

  , frost-resistant bamboo, common in Central Europe

• Bamboo forest formed Phyllostachys edulis

  in Japan's Kamakura prefecture

• Semiarundinaria fastuosa

  .

• Bamboo in Japan
• Graffiti

Gallery[edit]

• Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus

  ) in the Berlin Botanical Garden

• Bambusa ventricosa

  with its typical internodes

• Phyllostachys aurea

  , frost-resistant bamboo, common in Central Europe

• Bamboo forest formed Phyllostachys edulis

  in Japan's Kamakura prefecture

• Semiarundinaria fastuosa

  .

• Bamboo in Japan
• Graffiti

Systematics[edit]

The Bamboo subfamily (Bambusoideae) contains about 1,200 species. They are divided into two tribes and several subtribes with 98 genera:

Tribe Olyreae

, which includes 21 genera of non-lignifying bamboo species:

• Agnesia
• Arberella
• Buergersiochloa
• Cryptochloa
• Diandrolyra
• Ekmanochloa
• Eremitis
• Froesiochloa
• Lithachne
• Maclurolyra
• Mniochloa
• Olyra
• Pariana
• Parodiolyra
• Piresia
• Piresiella
• Raddia
• Raddiella
• Rehia
• Reitzia
• Sucrea

Tribe Bambuseae

, which includes woody species of bamboo. This tribe is divided into 9 subtribes with 77 genera:

Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae with 13 genera:

• Actinocladum
• Alvimia
• Apoclada
• Arthrostylidium
• Athroostachys
• Atractantha
• Aulonemia (Syn.: Matudacalamus
  )
• Colanthelia
• Elytrostachys
• Glaziophyton
• Merostachys
• Myriocladus
• Rhipidocladum

Subtribe Arundinariinae with 16 genera:

• Acidosasa
• Ampelocalamus
• Arundinaria
• Borinda
• Chimonocalamus
• Drepanostachyum (Syn.: Himalayacalamus
  )
• Fargesia
• Ferrocalamus
• Gaoligongshania
• Gelidocalamus
• Indocalamus
• Oligostachyum
• Pseudosasa
• Sasa(60 species)
• Thamnocalamus
• Yushania

Subtribe Bambusinae, with 10 genera:

• Bambusa - Bamboo (Syn.: Dendrocalamopsis
  ), with 120 species.
• Bonia (Syn.: Monocladus
  )
• Dendrocalamus (Syn.: Klemachloa
  ,
  Oreobambos
  ,
  Oxynanthera
  ,
  Sinocalamus
  )
• Dinochloa
• Gigantochloa
• Holttumochloa
• Kinabaluchloa (Syn.: Maclurochloa
  ,
  Soejatmia
  )
• Melocalamus
• Sphaerobambos
• Thyrsostachys

Subtribe Chusqueinae, with two genera:

• Chusquea (120 species),
• Neurolepis

Subtribe Guaduinae, with five genera:

• Criciuma
• Eremocaulon
• Guadua
• Olmeca
• Otatea

Subtribe Melocanninae, with 9 genera:

• Cephalostachyum
• Davidsea
• Leptocanna
• Melocanna
• Neohouzeaua
• Ochlandra
• Pseudostachyum
• Schizostachyum
• Teinostachyum

Subtribe Nastinae, with six genera:

• Decaryochloa
• Greslania
• Hickelia
• Hitchcockella
• Nastus
• Perrierbambus

Subtribe Racemobambodinae, with one genus:

• Racemobambos (Syn.: Neomicrocalamus
  ,
  Vietnamosasa
  )

Subtribe Shibataeinae, with eight genera:

• Chimonobambusa
• Indosasa
• Phyllostachys (55 species)
• Qiongzhuea
• Semiarundianria (Syn.: Brachystachyum
  ),
• Shibataea
• Sinobambusa

Taxonomy

The Bamboo subfamily (Bambusoideae) contains about 1,200 species. They are divided into two tribes and several subtribes with 98 genera:

Tribe Olyreae

, which includes 21 genera of non-lignifying bamboo species:

• Agnesia
• Arberella
• Buergersiochloa
• Cryptochloa
• Diandrolyra
• Ekmanochloa
• Eremitis
• Froesiochloa
• Lithachne
• Maclurolyra
• Mniochloa
• Olyra
• Pariana
• Parodiolyra
• Piresia
• Piresiella
• Raddia
• Raddiella
• Rehia
• Reitzia
• Sucrea

Tribe Bambuseae

, which includes woody species of bamboo. This tribe is divided into 9 subtribes with 77 genera:

Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae with 13 genera:

• Actinocladum
• Alvimia
• Apoclada
• Arthrostylidium
• Athroostachys
• Atractantha
• Aulonemia (Syn.: Matudacalamus
  )
• Colanthelia
• Elytrostachys
• Glaziophyton
• Merostachys
• Myriocladus
• Rhipidocladum

Subtribe Arundinariinae with 16 genera:

• Acidosasa
• Ampelocalamus
• Arundinaria - Arundinaria
• Borinda
• Chimonocalamus
• Drepanostachyum (Syn.: Himalayacalamus
  )
• Fargesia
• Ferrocalamus
• Gaoligongshania
• Gelidocalamus
• Indocalamus
• Oligostachyum
• Pseudosasa
• Sasa - Saza (60 species)
• Thamnocalamus
• Yushania

Subtribe Bambusinae, with 10 genera:

• Bambusa - Bamboo (Syn.: Dendrocalamopsis
  ), with 120 species.
• Bonia (Syn.: Monocladus
  )
• Dendrocalamus (Syn.: Klemachloa
  ,
  Oreobambos
  ,
  Oxynanthera
  ,
  Sinocalamus
  )
• Dinochloa
• Gigantochloa
• Holttumochloa
• Kinabaluchloa (Syn.: Maclurochloa
  ,
  Soejatmia
  )
• Melocalamus
• Sphaerobambos
• Thyrsostachys

Subtribe Chusqueinae, with two genera:

• Chusquea (120 species),
• Neurolepis

Subtribe Guaduinae, with five genera:

• Criciuma
• Eremocaulon
• Guadua
• Olmeca
• Otatea

Subtribe Melocanninae, with 9 genera:

• Cephalostachyum
• Davidsea
• Leptocanna
• Melocanna
• Neohouzeaua
• Ochlandra
• Pseudostachyum
• Schizostachyum
• Teinostachyum

Subtribe Nastinae, with six genera:

• Decaryochloa
• Greslania
• Hickelia
• Hitchcockella
• Nastus
• Perrierbambus

Subtribe Racemobambodinae, with one genus:

• Racemobambos (Syn.: Neomicrocalamus
  ,
  Vietnamosasa
  )

Subtribe Shibataeinae, with eight genera:

• Chimonobambusa
• Indosasa
• Phyllostachys (55 species)
• Qiongzhuea
• Semiarundinaria (Syn.: Brachystachyum
  ),
• Shibataea
• Sinobambusa