A complete list of sins for confession for children and teenagers

Let the children come to Me. (Mark 10:14)

Everyone knows how much the Savior loved children. He told the disciples not to forbid the children to come to Him. So let’s not hinder little children from going to the ever-flowing Grace of God, but let’s also help them discover the Image of God within themselves. One of the ways to get closer to the Lord is to participate in the Sacraments. Explaining their importance and necessity is the responsibility of every parent. As Father Valentin Sventsitsky writes: “The sacraments are a bright sky on a sinful earth. This is the promise that has come. This is what puts our faith into flesh and blood, which, like fire, warms the cold of our souls and softens the stony insensibility of our hearts. This is the “non-evening light” that illuminates the darkness that covers us. What wisdom, what truth, what joy!”

Confession of a Christian is one of the seven Sacraments of the Orthodox Church; all the most important things about it have already been said in Holy Scripture, Holy Tradition and the works of the venerable and God-bearing fathers. Preparation for this rite is important for both adults and young Orthodox Christians.

Information about children's confession, preparation for it, advice to parents, instructions in choosing a confessor, and a list of sins can be found in this article. The first confession for a little Christian is a serious step. Because the child’s subsequent attitude towards this great and saving Sacrament often depends on it.

How does the ceremony take place?

In Orthodoxy, there are seven Holy Sacraments established in the early Christian period:

• anointing;
• baptism;
• wedding;
• repentance;
• communion;
• unction;
• sacrament of the priesthood.

Repentance or Confession is a rite established by the Holy Church. Although, it’s correct to say Sacrament. Why? Because in the Sacrament there is a direct and obvious meeting between a person and the Lord. The priest who accepts a person’s Repentance is only a witness, that is, a mediator between God and man.

This is a special act when a Christian comes to church and repents of his sins, telling them to his confessor and God.

When a person comes to the priest, he reads special prayers before the Sacrament of Confession, which says:

These words reveal the meaning of the entire Sacrament.

After reading the prayers, the confessor approaches the analogue on which the Cross and the Gospel lie and kisses them. The priest covers the head of the penitent with an epitrachelion, sometimes this is done only at the end. At this time, a person must name the sins that he has committed. When the confessor has finished, the spiritual father can give instructions, or penance - church punishment, for correction. Here it is important not to be afraid, but to openly, with a pure heart, repenting, tell your spiritual illnesses and wounds. Also honestly answer the priest’s questions and comments. The Sacrament ends with a prayer of absolution - forgiveness of sins.

Afterwards, a person can begin Divine Communion if the spiritual father gives his blessing.

How to properly prepare a child

First of all, it is necessary for the parents themselves to understand what Repentance and Confession are. After all, these are different things. The first without the second is possible, the second without the first is never possible.

You can, even need to, always repent of your sins, but confess only at a certain time and with the participation of a clergyman.

It is important to start preparing in advance so that the child already has some understanding of this process. Also, prepare your child not just for Confession, but engage in his spiritual education: reading the Bible, prayers, explaining various basic concepts that every Orthodox Christian should know, teaching about virtue, as well as good and evil.

It is necessary to be an example for your child, so that there is an example to follow, as well as experience of what to do and what not to do. Therefore, preparing for children’s confession is another incentive for parents and godparents to look at themselves and their lives more carefully.

You need to repent of your sins. Sin is a disease of the human soul. Just as the body hurts, so does the soul when we do something bad. You need to take special medicine to help your soul. This remedy is Confession. On it, the Lord forgives us our bad deeds, for which we are ashamed.

A child should not be afraid that the Lord will punish him and come to the Sacrament of Repentance. No, you need to create in him a desire to become better, to be closer to God.

Let your little one feel all the responsibility, understand that he is no longer little and can analyze his actions on his own, understand what is right and what is not quite right.

In order for sins to be forgiven and a person to receive forgiveness, one must:

• prerequisite: faith in the Lord and God and our Savior Jesus Christ;
• repentance for one’s voluntary and involuntary, known and unknown sins;
• make an unwavering decision to improve and become a better person;
• forgive all offenders without holding any grudge against them;
• ask for forgiveness from those you offended.

You also need to remember that hiding your sins is a sin before God and yourself. After all, man is trying to deceive the Creator himself. It is important to be completely honest and frank.

Participants in the Sacrament of Confession

The participants in the Sacrament are:

✦ Our Lord Jesus Christ, ✦ child, ✦ priest (spiritual father), ✦ parents.

Parents do not participate in the sacrament of Confession itself, but their help in preparing for the Sacrament of Confession plays a vital role.

Christ and the child

The essence of all the Sacraments of the Church is the introduction of a person to the grace-filled Divine life.

The essence of the Sacrament of repentance is the healing of human nature damaged by personal sin, the return of qualities bestowed in the Sacrament of Baptism, the restoration of relationships with God destroyed by sin, and reconciliation with Christ.

The main thing here is a personal relationship with Christ, faith in Him and love for Him.

Faith

in Christ consists of confidence, trust and fidelity.

Confidence

is born from knowledge about Christ, about His earthly life and stay in His Church.

Confidence

- from the observation of God's Providence.

Both confidence and trust are developed gradually, through the efforts of parents (godparents), confessor and teachers of the Central Church School, that is, the entire church environment surrounding the child.

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The fruit of confidence and trust is fidelity

To Christ - confession of the Christian worldview and way of life in the face of the world.

Faith and love are born from faith

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The adequate response to Christ's love for us is our love for Him.

Love for Christ

- the central point in the question of the Sacrament of Confession. Therefore, all the forces of the educational environment should be aimed at creating in the child love for Christ, not for the abstract “idea of ​​God,” but for the Divine Person.

You can believe in an idea, profess it, but you cannot love (in the true sense of the word). You can only love a personal Being.

Only driven by love, a child will strive to keep the word of the Beloved, and if he commits a sin, he will rush to Him.

The property of a person is to strive for what he considers good. It is necessary to instill in a child the correct concepts of good.

Love is a gift from God

, which is sent not so much because of the efforts undertaken by the parents or confessor, but because of fervent prayer. And children should be encouraged from a very early age to turn to Christ in prayer and to give love to Him.

Christ loves children so much that he sets them as an example for those who want to enter the Kingdom of God. “Truly I tell you, unless you are converted and become like children, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven.”

(Matt. 18:3).

Child and priest

The priest is a guide, a helmsman on the path of developing faith and love in a child for Christ. At confession, in private conversation and in Sunday school classes, the priest teaches the child the basics of the Orthodox faith, prayer, Christian morality, veneration (of parents, God, saints and the image of God in every person), teaches obedience, patience, forgiveness, etc.

It is good if a child is accustomed from childhood to ask a priest for advice and blessings on issues of faith and spiritual life.

The goal of the shepherd is to instill in the child the fear of God (a reverent and reverent attitude towards God, the fear of annoying or upsetting God with sinful actions); and from it the love for Christ born. The means for receiving this heavenly gift are prayer, fasting, participation in divine services, and fulfilling the commandments of God.

The pastor must help develop:

✦ prayer - in prayer to Christ, ✦ abstinence from anything - as a sacrifice for the sake of Christ, ✦ standing for Divine services - in the joy of being with Christ, ✦ fulfilling the rules and commandments - in meaningful obedience to the will of God and a voluntary desire to fight sin.

With love, compassion, patience, and prayer, the shepherd (like a gardener) instills the life of a child into the life of Christ.

In the process of painstaking long-term work, the relationship between the priest and the child over time is formed as a spiritual one.

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The child gradually begins to discern Christ standing behind the priest and begins to hear the word of Christ through the priest. Then we can say that he has become a spiritual child, i.e. adopted as a son of Christ through a specific shepherd.

Today, most adults and children do not become spiritual children. Outwardly, the child goes to confession, sometimes even to the same priest, and receives some kind of spiritual advice from him. But inwardly he does not seek to be grafted into Christ. Why is this happening?

Let us outline the problems of the modern child.

He has no prerequisites for becoming a church member, because... The spiritual age of the parents is small, there is no church structure in the family, the influence of the sociocultural environment (yard, school, non-church friends, electronic devices that involve the child in virtual life) dominates.

The child does not respect elders: parents, teachers, priests, the Church and God.

He has no fear of God, fear of sin and punishment.

The soul of a child is painfully weakened by parental sin.

Often parents ignore the child's personality. They take him to the priest and say: “This is your confessor, go to him and confess.” The child does not know this priest, does not love him, does not see Christ standing behind him. But they tell him that he must confess, and he goes...

Gradually, the child gets used to quickly reciting the memorized list of sins and, “having received admission,” goes to Communion. This is how confession is formalized.

Child and parents

The foundation of religious education is laid in the family.

Parents or godparents become the child’s first teachers and educators in spiritual life.

It is the responsibility of the parents to prepare the child for the first confession. It is necessary to carefully prepare for this Sacrament. Parents can approach their confessor, take a blessing to begin this work, and receive advice and recommendations.

Perhaps the priest will suggest reading relevant books (for example, the wonderful book by Archpriest Artemy Vladimirov “My First Confession”), meeting with a church teacher or other, more experienced parents.

A conversation with a child should be tactful and delicate. It is necessary to convey to his consciousness the concept of sin as a violation of the Law of God and an insult to the redemptive feat of Christ.

Happy are those parents who throughout the entire period of infancy told their child about Christ, instilled love for Him and now, in preparation for the first confession, talk about actions, thoughts, desires that violate this love, about the need to ask Christ the Savior for forgiveness, so that with the whole depth of the child’s heart to feel obvious relief in your soul after confession and how good the Lord is!

What not to do before repentance

Like any Sacrament, Repentance requires preparation. Each confessor determines this process individually. But there are general rules.

If this is a child’s first confession, then the child must know and understand what sin is. For a baby, the explanation may be the simplest: when you are ashamed. Teenagers can already understand that this is a spiritual illness that needs to be fought throughout their lives.

When this understanding arises in a child, you can teach him to write down his sins on some piece of paper: if you notice that you have done a bad deed, in your thoughts say to the Lord: “Forgive me, a sinner,” and write it down on a piece of paper so as not to forget.

You can also teach children to fast before the Sacrament of Penance. In a day, in two, in three. There is also less surfing the Internet and wasting time. It's better to think more about God for a minute.

Many Orthodox Christians miss the moment of preparation and go to Confession without repentance, rushing or not wanting to repent. Few people think about what sin a person commits if he does not come to God with a contrite heart. Said in prayer:

We also forget about children, for whom, more than anyone else, it is important to learn about the seriousness of this ritual.

Let us remember our full responsibility before God and help our children learn about God, His truth and what they need to fight.

Recommended age for first confession

It is accepted in the Church that a child begins Confession when he moves from infancy to adolescence. That is, upon reaching the age of seven. But we must not forget about the individual side of this issue. After all, some children begin to understand the concept of “sin” earlier, while some do not understand it even at the age of eight or nine. It is important not to go too far on the topic of repentance, forcing your children to go to the priest and tell all the details. For the Sacrament of Repentance to be sincere, you need to explain to the child with Love and Patience: What is this? Why is it? How should this be done?

Tainted Heart

“We are sinners because we were born that way. The evil deeds we commit come from our corrupt and evil heart. Our inherited sin inevitably leads to death. He inflicts terrible torment on our soul, depriving us not only of peace, joy, peace, but also the opportunity to go to heaven and live forever with God. Here it is appropriate to ask the question: “How to get rid of this terrible disease? And in general, is this possible?

In order to answer such questions,” Tamara shares, “in church we hold a conversation with children, for example, where we clearly show children how sins pollute the human heart and how, after a prayer of repentance, the Blood of Christ cleanses us from this dirt. In order to have the strength not to sin again, you need to accept Jesus Christ into your heart by faith. Then it becomes pure, and we become more and more like a loving God.

Thus, the concept of sin prepares children to receive the gospel. After all, if they do not recognize themselves as sinners, they will never see their need for salvation.”

Children's confession - a list of sins

The list of sins for confession for children given below can be used by boys and girls up to about twelve years of age.

In relation to God

I did not pray in the morning and in the evening before eating. I did not thank the Lord for everything He gave. I forgot about Him when it was difficult. He received communion and confession infrequently.

In relation to one's neighbor

Didn't listen to or respect elders; was rude; argued; did not help when asked; told a lie; took something without permission; threw tantrums; did not fulfill promises, was offended, talked about someone behind their back; joked badly (out of malice) and offended; called names; complained about someone; fought; quarreled; deceived; was greedy; considered himself better than others; envied, eavesdropped; treated animals cruelly.

In relation to yourself

Did not fulfill his duties (dedicated little time to lessons and extracurricular activities); was lazy a lot; spent time playing games on the phone, computer, watching cartoons and TV shows, forgetting about something more important; boasted.

Teenage sins for confession

As children get older and begin to look at their sins more seriously, they notice some more sins that were previously incomprehensible.

List of sins to help a young penitent

Against yourself: pride, vanity, idle talk, foul language, absent-mindedness, complacency, gluttony, lustful thoughts, belief in omens and superstition.

Against God: ingratitude, preferring earthly affairs to the Lord.

Against relatives and friends: insincerity, did something with a desire to gain benefit, snapped, evil thoughts, condemnation. Also, teenagers encounter problems of adolescence, when they want to try everything, then sins arise such as: bad habits (smoking, alcohol), using swear words, watching obscene films or looking at pictures.

Sheet for preparing for confession

This practice is popular in the Orthodox Church, but is not mandatory. Usually you take a regular piece of paper that you can always carry with you. When a person notices some kind of sin behind him, but takes it and writes it down on a piece of paper.

It is useful, while recording a particular sin, to mentally read the Jesus Prayer: “Lord, be merciful to me a sinner,” in order to remember the purpose of this process.

There is no need to write one sin several times. Just note to yourself that this sin is more common. Think about what you can do to overcome it?

It is very important not to forget why this is being done. After all, people often begin to automatically write sins without thinking about repentance. This is how the Grace of God and the awe for the Sacraments are lost.

Sacrament of repentance and communion

In the Russian Orthodox Church, the processes of confession and communion are inextricably linked. Although this approach is not canonical, it is nevertheless practiced in all corners of the country. Before a Christian can receive communion, he goes through the procedure of confession. This is required for the priest to understand that communion is served to an adequate believer who has fasted before the sacrament, who has stood the test of will and conscience, and who has not committed serious sins.

When a person is released from his evil deeds, an emptiness appears in his soul that needs to be filled with God, this can be done at communion.

What parents should not do after confession

Firstly, ask about the sins their child repented of.

Secondly, ask about what the priest said.

Thirdly, manipulate, saying “how can you do this, I confessed today” or the like. It is better to calmly explain how one should behave after the Sacrament.

Fourthly, provoke the child into conflicts. You, like no one, know what can hurt your child, so it’s better to refrain from any actions and rejoice with your child about his Repentance.

Confession in Orthodoxy

What should a child's confession be like? First of all, you need to understand the meaning of this sacrament. Church sacraments in Orthodoxy refer to 7 particularly important sacred rites. The Lord Himself invisibly participates in them, saturating the believers with His grace. It sanctifies and transforms a Christian, helps him in the fight against passions and in the salvation of the soul. In addition to Confession (Repentance), there are such church sacraments as Baptism, Communion (Eucharist), Wedding and others.

Children's confession

Recommendations for choosing a confessor

There are family confessors who provide guidance to all family members. Then the children don’t have much choice and they simply start going to the spiritual father of their parents.

But there is no need to force your child to go only to the priest you have chosen. It is necessary that the child has a trusting relationship with the priest, so that he is not afraid to tell him or reveal anything. Therefore, you can ask the child who he wants to go to. If we turn to the criteria for choosing a confessor, I would like to note the most basic ones:

• the most important thing is to pray for the sending of a good spiritual guide;
• listen to the priest’s sermons, what he talks about, what topics he raises, explains some questions in an accessible and understandable way;
• Does this shepherd have his own spiritual experience? look at how he treats his children;
• does he have time for you? After all, we often expect our confessor to resolve all our perplexities, but he does not have the opportunity, time or even desire;
• ask yourself: “Are you ready to be obedient and humble?” if this is for a child, then ask him.

A confessor is a mentor, you need to trust him, you need to obey him. We must remember that it is he who guides our spiritual life. Therefore, you need to take the choice of such a person seriously and not rush. But if a suitable clergyman is not found, do not be upset and take your child to church just to someone who will confess. Be sure to support your child so that he is not afraid, because there is nothing scary in the Sacrament of Repentance.

At what age do children confess?

Many parents raising their children in accordance with Christian traditions have a desire to know when they can confess to their children. In Orthodoxy, the minimum age for repentance is 7 years. It is believed that it is from this period of life that a person begins to clearly understand the difference between good and evil, between bad and actions pleasing to God.

At the same time, Orthodox priests explain that the onset of 7 years is not a strict limitation. There may always be exceptions in which the sacrament is performed earlier.

In some situations, due to certain circumstances, confession is carried out before the age of 7 years. This becomes necessary if a younger child has committed a sin and is able to realize it without the help of others.

Confession can under no circumstances be forced. In order to sincerely talk about his sins and repent of them, a young Christian must have a personal desire. A child should not confess only at the insistence of his parents. If he is not ready to perform the ceremony, adults should not put any pressure on him.

Learning by Example

In the book “Children's Confession. How to Help Your Child” there are many examples of children’s Repentance. I want to tell you some of them here. The story of Priest Georgy Romanenko. One day a girl of seven or eight years old comes to him for Confession. He stands and is silent. Well, the priest asks what sins she repents of. The girl firmly answers three times that she has no sins and does not repent. Probably, here it was necessary to say what a proud girl she is. But Priest George, on the contrary, responded with delight at how pure the child was. This could be understood, because at the end of the Sacrament the little girl asked: “What is this?” (about sin).

“What a joy it is to hear, see, feel the pure, truthful confession of this little man from the depths of the heart,” writes the priest.

Another story of this priest. The boy confessed to him. He takes out a neatly folded piece of paper, where it is written in a child’s handwriting: “Pride, vanity, dislike for God...” Father George realized that it was not the child himself who found such sins in himself. I looked at my mother, and she watched with a satisfied face as her son read the note. The priest asks the boy if he wrote everything himself, the boy confirmed.

When he asked if anyone had dictated these sins to him, the boy confessed that it was his mother. Then the priest asked me to sincerely repent of what I was really ashamed of. And then the most common sins were named: not helping my mother, breaking something...

After confession, his mother came and began to complain that the child went to repent every month, but did not improve at all. She stated that her child was not sincerely repentant. “It’s as if she has a device for measuring the sincerity of a confession.”

It's a pity for such parents. They need more explanation and take longer to find an approach than their children. Therefore, I would like to give as an example the words of Father George: “We can prepare a child for confession, tell him what is bad, what is good, what torments the conscience, what does not torment the conscience, what the heart hurts for, what doesn’t hurt, but teach the child we have no right to repent.”

I also know a situation where a young girl grew up alone in an Orthodox family. Since childhood, they read the Bible to her, took her to church, and told her about good and evil. But when she came to confession, each time she simply spoke a memorized tongue twister. No one made any comments to her, her parents were not at all interested in her confession. God's blessing is that when she grew up, she began to think about all this and did not move away from the faith, but began to take it all more seriously.

Therefore, it is important to know when to stop, to think about where to ask the child, and where to humbly remain silent and let him go to God with his own small but firm steps. After all, children's apologies are the most sincere and pure.

Difficult process

“The process of education is very difficult and responsible. God entrusted us with children for a short time and will definitely ask each parent how seriously he approached the assigned task. And the parents themselves will certainly reap what they sow. The Word of God says, “A child who is neglected brings shame to his mother” (Prov. 29:15). If we do not resist the world around us, which aggressively teaches our children evil and vice, we will give them over to be torn to pieces by sin.

Here is how John Chrysostom correctly noted: “There is nothing worse when children’s misdeeds are not corrected and turn into a habit. These actions, when started, usually spoil the child so much that subsequently it is no longer possible to correct him with any admonitions. And the devil takes such children as captives wherever he pleases. He becomes their sovereign ruler and gives them harmful instructions. And the unfortunate children, not at all thinking that these instructions will lead them to ultimate death, fulfill them with complete willingness.” May the Lord save us all from such trouble!”

Prepared by Tatyana Archibasova

Children whose parents are not churchgoers, but do not mind bringing the child to church

This is quite a difficult situation. The main thing is that the child himself has a desire to come to the Lord. Also, great responsibility falls on the confessor, as a mentor. The priest himself will have to tell his spiritual child about God, His teaching, the importance and necessity of the fight against evil.

If possible, you need to talk to parents, have conversations and interest them and their children in the spiritual life. After all, if a child takes a serious approach to the topic of faith, he will definitely have questions. Unchurched parents most likely will not be able to give a complete, comprehensive, correct answer. Because of this, a baby or adolescent may have either doubts about the authority of elders or various religious misconceptions.

“Do parents have to somehow guide, suggest, or does the child decide for himself what to say to the priest?”

“Even before the age of seven, he must be prepared that the day will come when he will come to confession for the first time.” This is a holiday! This is the child's first meeting with a priest at confession. The parents hand the child from their hands to him. The priest also needs to be prepared for this. Godly parents warn me in advance.

I already know that the child came for the first time and I need to talk to him. Here there is another conversation - a conversation with a confessor, the spiritual care of the child begins. It’s not just that parents formally bring their child to church, but they need to bring him to the priest who will continue to care for him in the future.

Children whose parents recently joined the church

As religious experience shows, only churchgoers who are Orthodox try to lift a load beyond their strength. They immediately begin to read all the rules, fast endlessly, and take part in the Sacraments every service. And, of course, the child also takes part in all this, whether he wants it or not.

I'm not saying that an active religious life is bad. No, you just need to know moderation in everything. Until the Orthodox finds this golden mean for himself, time will pass.

The main thing is not to ruin your own child during this time. Indeed, due to the fanaticism of parents, a little person who is just beginning to follow his own path may develop an aversion to religion.

In this case, the priest must also take part of the responsibility and intervene to save both the child and his parents.

Children whose parents joined the church a long time ago

Such children are truly a treasure. After all, they can observe Orthodox life from childhood, gain spiritual experience, learn the basics of Christianity from the very cradle, so to speak. There is no better example for children than their parents. After all, they try to imitate us in everything, therefore, having a worthy example, they reap the fruits of spiritual life with great joy.

It is important for parents not to decide: the sooner the better. Until your child himself understands the importance of the process of Repentance, there will be no fruit. It is necessary to explain to the child such seemingly simple words as “good” and “evil,” “sin” and “repentance,” “shame” and “forgiveness.”

Personal example

“I want to say,” continues Tamara, “that the main thing for parents is not just to tell them what sin is, but also to live according to God’s principles. Actions always speak louder than words. And let's be honest: our children see all our misdeeds. Just recently I had to ask my daughter for forgiveness for saying something to her without love. With this kind of humility, we can teach children how believers deal with sin: they confess it and forsake it, acknowledging that Jesus died for those sins (1 John 1:9).

Do Mom and Dad set an example of virtuous and God-fearing living? If the parents themselves do not have high moral standards, no repentance for sins and no desire to please God, then what can we expect from their child?”

Bottom line

At the end of this entire vast topic, which can be continued for a long time, I want to say: never forget about the most important thing - about God. And He is Love.

You can tell your child a hundred times about sins, about what to do and what not to do. But if there is no true parental Love in all this, then there will be no greater meaning, as well as no result.

The Lord is all-encompassing Love, so do not forget to pray that He will direct you and your child on the right path of salvation through the Sacraments of Repentance and Communion. God bless you!

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Inga Yamb

Everything is gradual, and so are prayers.

Regarding all the points regarding prayer preparation, I will emphasize: the child needs to be accustomed to evening services, but if it is still difficult, you can first skip it, then come halfway, then stand completely. On the evening before Communion, just like adults, children do not need to watch cartoons, but need to read books about God and his Saints.

Next it is time for the question of prayers. I am convinced that a child should be introduced into prayer gradually. First, I think, it is permissible to read three prayers from the evening prayers, then after the “Canon to the Guardian Angel” read one prayer, after the “Canon to the Mother of God” read one prayer, after the “Canon to the Savior” read 1 prayer and then read 4 prayers from the “Canon to Holy Communion." I think this will be enough, but it is important to read them clearly, with attention, praying from the heart, but without developing a formal attitude to the matter of prayer. Gradually, the number of prayers needs to be increased. Look at the link to the prayer book published by the Moscow Patriarchate, everything is prepared there for children’s prayer.

This material is collected from the Patristic literature, which is freely available on the Internet, both separately (in excerpts) and in entire electronic books, the volumes of which are very large for the modern reader, who, as a rule, is accustomed to grasping only the superficial essence. The author of this project has systematized and selected the material as much as possible, highlighting the most important things, focusing on his point of view.

The creator of this project does not claim authorship of the presented materials and strongly recommends that interested readers purchase the full versions of the Patristic works in printed form. The sources used are listed in a special section of our website “Recommended Literature and Sources”; in addition, we accompanied each book with a short review, useful for all concerned readers.