Russian history. Prince Vladimir the Saint. All about Prince Vladimir.

Russian history. Prince Vladimir the Saint. All about Prince Vladimir.

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All about Prince Vladimir.

Years of reign: 980 - 1015.

Vladimir is the son of Svyatoslav, his mother is Malusha, housekeeper-slave of Princess Olga, concubine of Svyatoslav.

Came to power as a result of victory in the first feudal struggle between the sons of Prince Svyatoslav: Vladimir, Yaropolk and Oleg.

During his reign, the process of forming the state of Kievan Rus was completed.

Domestic policy.

• Further strengthening of the Old Russian state:

- 980 - the first religious reform , pagan reform, proclamation of Perun as the supreme deity was carried out;

- 988 - adoption of Christianity , strengthening of the power of the prince under the name of the one God. The Church has become a huge force uniting the people;

- 988 - completion of administrative reform : Vladimir appointed his sons to governors and to cities;

- carrying out judicial reform , adopting the “Zemlyanoy Charter” - a set of norms of oral customary (from the word “customs”) law;

- carrying out military reform: instead of Varangian mercenaries, the prince is served by “the best men” from the Slavs; Vladimir fortified the southern borders with the “Serpentine Ramparts” - a solid wall made of an earthen embankment, earthen trenches, and outposts.

• Expansion of the territory of Rus':

- annexation of new East Slavic tribes: the Vyatichi in 981-982, the Radimichi and Croats in 984.

• Construction of new cities, strengthening and decoration of the capital:

- a new fortress was built in Kyiv, the city was fortified with earthen ramparts, and decorated with architectural structures;

— cities were built: Belgorod, Pereyaslavl, Vladimir-Klyazma and others.

• Development of culture.

- creation of the Slavic alphabet by the enlighteners Cyril and Methodius;

- translation of books from Greek, the beginning of the spread of literacy;

- introduction of a special tax for the development of culture and architecture - tithe . In 986-989 the first church was built - Tithe (Assumption of the Virgin Mary)

- development of icon painting, as well as fresco painting - images on wet plaster.

- the beginning of large-scale stone construction.

Foreign policy.

The main directions are the fight against the Pechenegs, wars with Poland and Hungary.

• Strengthening the international authority of Rus':

— with the adoption of Christianity, the country was no longer considered barbaric and began to be perceived as a civilized state;

— Vladimir introduced dynastic marriages; he himself was married to the sister of the Byzantine emperor, Anna.

Military clashes and peace negotiations with foreign countries:

- fighting the Pechenegs;

- conquest of the Principality of Polotsk;

- trip to Volga Bulgaria;

- 981 - the first clashes with Poland over the border Cherven Rus - Cherven and Przemysl were captured;

- 985 – campaign against Danube Bulgaria and a peace treaty with it;

- 985 - campaigns against Volga Bulgaria , as well as the imposition of tribute to Khazaria;

- 988 - 989 - siege of Korsun (Cherssones) in Crimea;

- 991 - campaign in the Dniester lands against the White Croats;

- Pecheneg raids : 990, 992 - on Peryaeslavl, 996 - battle of Vasilyevo, 997 - Pecheneg attack on Kiev; construction in the south - a solid wall (picket) on an earthen embankment - Serpentine Shafts.

— diplomatic contacts with countries: ambassadors of the Pope came to Kyiv, the Russian embassy went to Germany, Rome. Peace treaties with the Czech Republic, Byzantium, Hungary, Poland.

Acceptance of Christianity.

Reasons for accepting Christianity:

• the need to ensure a stronger unification of tribes on the basis of a single ideology - religion;
• the adoption of a monotheistic religion (that is, belief in one God) strengthened the authority of the ruling stratum and the ruler;
• social inequality also required the emergence of a new ideology in order to justify the rich and somehow console the poor with the hope of a happy life in paradise, that is, the justification of inequality;
• the new religion would expand the cultural influence of more developed countries, especially Byzantium.
• the need to increase the international authority of Rus': the opportunity arose to enter into political alliances with other countries through dynastic marriages. In addition, Rus' would no longer be considered a barbaric, pagan country.

The meaning of accepting Christianity:

• strengthening the power of the prince;
• The church began to play a major role in the country, uniting the people and strengthening the princely power;
• development of culture, writing, education; the emergence of Christian laws - do not kill, do not steal and many others that contributed to the formation of moral principles;
• however, Christianity contributed to increased exploitation by condemning protests, persecuting dissidents;
• the growing international authority of Rus', Rus' achieved equality with other Christian countries, and dynastic marriages became possible.

The significance of the reign of Vladimir the Saint.

• Significant strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke with the adoption of a single religion.
• The beginning of the formation of a unified ideology.
• Completion of the process of forming the state territory of Rus' - all East Slavic lands were annexed.
• The final establishment of a ladder system of transfer of power, that is, to the eldest in the princely family.
• Creation of a system of defensive structures and fortresses on the southern borders.
• Significant cultural development.
• Strengthening the international authority of Rus'.

Some interesting facts about the activities of Prince Vladimir.

• Under Vladimir, many kilometers of defensive lines were built around Kyiv. They were called “Serpentine Ramparts” because, according to legend, battles of Russian heroes with a huge serpent, which became a habit of the Slavic lands, took place here. Watchtowers were also erected here . If the enemy approached Kyiv, then signal lights were lit - this was how they reported the approach of the enemy.
• Vladimir carried out a pagan reform in 980. 6 gods were left: Perun - the god of war and thunderstorms, Khors - the god of sunlight, Simargl - the god of the underworld, Stribog - the god of the wind, Dazhbog - the god of fertility and light, Makosh - the goddess of fertility and patroness of the clan .
• An interesting fact is the adoption of Christianity. Vladimir decided to marry the Byzantine princess Anna, the sister of Emperor Vasily II. But he was against the marriage, since Vladimir was the illegitimate son of Svyatoslav and the housekeeper slave Maklushi. According to the agreement, Prince Vladimir undertook to help Vasily suppress the rebellion - after which the wedding was to take place. The emperor did not fulfill his promise. Then the prince captured the stronghold of Byzantium - the city of Chersonesos (Korsun). The Emperor agreed to the marriage, but on the condition that Vladimir accepted Christianity.
• The baptism of Rus' was very difficult. People did not want to forget their gods, whom their ancestors worshiped. Novgorod especially rebelled. He was baptized “with fire and sword”: Putyata (Kiev thousand) - with a sword, and Dobrynya (Vladimir’s uncle, governor in Novgorod) - with fire, when he and his soldiers set fire to the houses of the Novgorodians in order to distract them from resistance.

DATES (detailed).

TERMS.

The clergy is a special class in Russia at the end of the 10th century, engaged in the administration of religious cults; was divided into black (monasticism) and white (living “in the world” - priests, deacons).

Baptism is a Christian rite (sacrament) performed on a person entering the Christian church.

Metropolitan is the second in the church hierarchy after the patriarch in the Orthodox Church. In Ancient Rus' - the head of the Russian metropolis, subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Orthodoxy is one of the main directions in Christianity. It arose in 395 in connection with the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern. The theological foundations were determined in Byzantium in the 10th-11th centuries. It finally took shape in 1054 with the division of the Christian Church into Catholic and Orthodox. Byzantium and its capital Constantinople became the center of Orthodoxy. 988 - the baptism of Rus', Orthodoxy became the state religion.

Christianity is one of the world religions (along with Buddhism and Islam). Originated in the 1st century AD. like faith in Jesus Christ, the God-man, who accepted death on the cross to atone for human sins, and then resurrected and ascended to heaven. Jesus means “Savior”, Christ means “anointed one”. The main source of doctrine is the Bible (Holy Scripture). In the course of its development, it split into a number of independent directions: Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism.

Church (from the Greek house of the Lord) - in Christianity it is:

• the building in which worship takes place;
• the name of the entire set of religious Christian communities.

Historical figures.

Cards.

Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna.

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Baptism of Rus'

The baptized ruler of Rus' returned to Kyiv and began the mass conversion of his people to the Christian faith. At first, the Russian people resisted baptism, since they had their own pagan gods. On the outskirts of the state, this process was completed much later than in the Kiev and Novgorod principalities.

The adoption of Christianity contributed to the strengthening of state power and territorial unity of Kievan Rus, whose inhabitants gradually abandoned “primitive” paganism and became closer to the peoples of other Christian countries, which contributed to the development of international relations with them. After the baptism of Rus', Russian culture began to actively develop, absorbing the best examples of Byzantine and ancient art.

Socio-economic system of Kievan Rus

The boyars and princes of Kievan Rus owned their patrimony (patrimony) - their father's lands, which were passed on by inheritance. At the same time, communal peasants appeared, to whom private feudal lords had nothing to do. The state received tribute from such independent peasant communities.

All free inhabitants of Rus' were called “people”. They were subject to tribute - “polyudye”. The villages were mostly inhabited by “smerds”, who were ruled by princes. They organized peasant communities or belonged to fiefdoms. For the latter, life was difficult. In fact, they became slaves of their masters. Free people were driven into bondage through procurement. The impoverished or ruined peasants had no other choice but to borrow a “kupa” from the princes:

• money;
• livestock;
• harvest.

That's why they were called "purchases." They worked for their creditors until all debts were paid off.

Boyar and princely estates were also inhabited by servants or slaves, who, in fact, were in slavery to their masters. These were ruined peasants or prisoners. Slaveholding spread widely across Russian soil, but at the same time the political system of Kievan Rus was still closer to feudalism. In contrast to the “classical” Western European model, this system in Rus' was based on a large state sector of the economy with numerous free peasant communities, which were dominated by the grand ducal power.

Popular uprisings in the 60-70s. XI century

In 1068-1072, Kievan Rus experienced several massive popular uprisings. The most powerful of them occurred in Kyiv in 1068. The reason for it was the defeat of the Yaroslavichs - Vsevolod, Svyatoslav and Izyaslav, who were defeated by the Polovtsians.

The craft part of Kyiv Podol became the venue for a meeting, at which city residents asked the prince to issue weapons to attack the Polovtsians. This was denied to them, since the sons of Yaroslav were afraid of an armed popular uprising. The people did not like this answer and they began to destroy the rich boyar households. Grand Duke Izyaslav had to flee to the Poles, who in 1069 helped him return to Kyiv. A wave of mass popular riots swept Novgorod and the Rostov-Suzdal lands.

Yaroslav the Wise

The largest volosts of Rus' were ruled by the twelve sons of Vladimir I. When he died, the eldest of them, Svyatopolk, began to rule the country. At this time, an internecine war broke out again, during which the new Grand Duke innocently killed his brothers Gleb of Murom and Boris of Rostov, whom the Russian Church subsequently canonized, and Svyatopolk was awarded the nickname Damned. The Novgorod prince Yaroslav, joined by the Varangians, managed to expel his brother from Kyiv. “Holy Accursed” ended up in Poland, where his father-in-law, King Boleslav the Brave, ruled. There is not a word in the chronicles about the further fate of Svyatopolk.

Yaroslav the Wise defended his people from the Pechenegs. In 1030, his successful campaign took place, the main goal of which was the conquest of the Baltic miracle. The foundation of the city of Yuryev (now Estonian Tartu) took place near Lake Peipsi.

When the brother of the great Kyiv prince Mstislav Tmutarakansky, who had the lands eastern from the Dnieper River under his control, died in 1035, the entire state ended up in the hands of Yaroslav the Wise. Under him, Kyiv managed to join the largest European cities. Now Constantinople itself considered the Russian capital equal to itself in importance. The city was overgrown with markets and numerous churches. In 1037, the construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate, the main entrance to Kyiv, was completed. At the same time, foreign books were copied in Russian. Commoners were taught to write and read.

Under Yaroslav, the Metropolitan of Kiev, a Russian by nationality, appeared for the first time - the writer and statesman Hilarion. From that time on, the prince in Rus' began to be called a tsar in the Byzantine manner.

Yaroslav the Wise actively developed international relations. Representatives of the largest European royal courts wanted to become relatives of the Kyiv king, whose wife was a Swedish princess. Yaroslav married his daughters to the kings of Norway, Hungary and France, his sister to the king of Poland, and his granddaughter to the emperor of Germany. Emperor of Byzantium Constantine Monomakh gave his daughter in marriage to the son of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vsevolod, who was awarded the nickname Monomakh.

Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church received its own metropolitan, who was appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople. In some regions of Rus', bishops appeared who led rural and urban priests.

The church received a "tithe" (1/10th of their total income) from its parishioners. Then this “tax” increased without changing its name. A little later, monasteries, bishops and metropolitans began to have their own large land plots. In the 11th century the Kiev-Pechersk monastery was founded. Before the Mongol invasion of Rus', about eighty monasteries operated on the territory of the state. The Church had the right to judge people who committed anti-religious crimes and violated family and moral norms.

Later, the church canonized Prince Vladimir as the holy and equal-to-the-apostles baptist of Rus'.

"The Yaroslavich Truth"

After the popular uprisings, the boyars and princes took retaliatory actions. They supplemented “Russkaya Pravda” with articles, after which it began to be called “Pravda of the Yaroslavichs.” It spoke of the protection of boyar and princely property and their estates with mansions, houses, stables and farmyards. The main wealth of the estate was considered to be the land, for violation of the boundaries of which a heavy fine was imposed.

In “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs,” blood feud was abolished and the difference in payment for the murder of people belonging to different categories increased. The most “expensive” of them included princely porches, firemen and senior warriors, and the most “cheap” were slaves and smerdas.

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