Chapter 12. Morphology. Communion / How our language works. Large reference book on theory for grades 5-11 / Russian for 5

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How our language works. A large reference book on theory for grades 5-11
Chapter 12. Morphology. Participle

In this chapter:

What to count with what?
General characteristics of the sacrament
Participle forms
Full - short form of passive participles
Formation of participles
Participles - non-participles: verbal adjectives
Participial
Test of strength. Final test

§1. What to count with what?

On views on the nature of participles. For adults and high school students. For others.

Interpretations of participles vary. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to follow:

How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?
What form: the indefinite form of the verb or the participle in the form of m.r. units I.p. — considered the initial form?
What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does a verb have?

The author of the site considers participles to be a special verb form. Why?

Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
Because he considers this position not only scientifically substantiated and consistent with common sense and the broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for the guys.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant to many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that children easily and automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the writing of suffixes of present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verb stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from 6th grade to 11th grade. If we consider the participle to be a verbal form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises during training, will contribute to the child’s development, awareness of the unified nature of verbal forms, the uniqueness of verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are more easily oriented in distinguishing participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, this is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study of foreign languages (the assignment of participles to verbal forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, for example English.

Adjectives and participles

Adjectives are often confused with their corresponding participles. To determine which word is used in a sentence, it is enough to replace it with a synonymous word or phrase:

The participle can be replaced by a verb denoting the same action as the participle (seeds scattered by the wind - seeds that were scattered by the wind);
An adjective can be replaced by another adjective (an absent-minded person is a forgetful, inattentive person).

The differences between adjectives and participles are taught in 7th grade.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: a sign of an object by action. Questions: which one? what is he doing? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological features: Features of the morphological form: participles have the features of both a verb and an adjective.

Constant (unchangeable) signs are the signs of the verb: type: SV and NSV,
transitivity,
repayment,
tense (present and past),
pledge.

Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:

genus,

number,

case,

completeness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are a modifier or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More details: about verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb. For the morphological features of an adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

Communion in Russian

To understand what a participle is in Russian, we point out that it is formed from a verb using characteristic formative suffixes:

stroke - stroking a cat;
send - the person who sent the letter;
oscillate - swayed by the wind;
indicate - indicated by her.

A participle is a special unconjugated form of a verb that has the characteristics of an adjective. On the one hand, a participle denotes a sign, like an adjective, but, on the other hand, it is a special sign that is associated with an action .

An adjective denotes a constant attribute of an object, regardless of time (what kind of scarf? Blue), and a participle is a verb form expressing a attribute associated with the passage of time.

For example, in the phrase “swimming duck,” the participle “swimming” denotes a feature. You can add an adjective to it:

duck (what?) swimming

And at the same time, this sign is associated with action in the present tense:

a swimming duck is a bird that (what is it doing?) is swimming now, at the moment of speaking about it

Compare with another form of participle:

duck swimming near the shore

Here we are talking about a bird that swam before, before the moment of speaking about this, that is, in the past. The sign is associated with an action that has already been completed.

Let us summarize our observations by defining what a participle is in the Russian language.

Definition

A participle is an unconjugated form of a verb that denotes a temporal attribute of an object by action and answers the questions: what? which? which? which?

The participle combines the characteristics of two independent parts of speech: a verb and an adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: active and passive .

What does it mean? We know that the participle denotes the attribute of an object by action. A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any attribute, but only one that in a real situation is associated with the action. A loving mother is one who loves, a sleeping baby is a baby who sleeps, subjects studied at school are subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is performed by the object itself, 2) the action is performed on the object by some producer of the action.

Active participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called active. Examples:

A boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sitting)

Girl talking on the phone...

defined word girl, definition chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

The dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.

The defined word is dishes, definition washed in the dishwasher (the dishes did not wash themselves, someone did).

The essay I wrote last week got lost.

Defined word essay, definition I wrote last week (the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself). Passive participles have a full and a short form.

Spelling is not in participles

NOT written CONTINUOUSLY:

with participles that are not used without NOT ( not visible, not suitable);
with participles formed from verbs with the prefix NEDO- ( not considered);
if there are no dependent words or opposition ( unnoticed error).

NOT WRITTEN SEPARATELY:

in the presence of dependent words ( not noticed by anyone);
in the presence of opposition ( not noticed, but missed error);
with short passive participles ( no noticed).

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Let's compare:

Tulip varieties bred in Holland are highly valued throughout the world.

withdrawn – full form

These varieties of tulips were bred in Holland.

derived - short form The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives. Full forms vary by number, by gender (in singular), and by case. Examples:

A variety of dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

derived - singular, m.r., I.p.

We live in a country that occupies a sixth of the landmass.

occupying - unit, zh.r., pp.

Our houses, located next door, were not at all similar.

located - plural, i.p. Short forms vary in numbers and units. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book has been written and sent to the publishing house. The novel has been written and even already published. The essay was written and published in the magazine. Letters have been written and sent.

Remember:

You need to be able to distinguish between short forms of participles and short adjectives, as they are written differently. For differences in spelling, see: The suffix n in short forms of passive participles. Spelling adjectives. Short adjectives.

Signs of an adjective in a participle

Like adjective, participle

1. indicates a feature of an object and answers the questions:

father, (what?) hates lies;
grandmother, (what?) loves her grandchildren;
building, (what?) illuminated by the sun;
relatives (what?) came to visit;

2. changes in cases and numbers, that is, declines:

Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter gender	Mn. number
I. p.	playing	playing	playing	playing
R. p.	playing	playing	playing	playing
D. p.	playing	playing	playing	playing
V. p.	playing	playing	playing	playing
etc.	playing	playing	playing	playing
P. p.	about the player	about the player	about the player	about the players

3. the participle changes according to gender:

washed table
washed plate
washed window

4. agrees with the noun in gender, number and case:

unloaded sand
past the unloaded sand
with unloaded sand

etc.

In a sentence, the participle plays the syntactic role of a definition.

Singing starlings sit on branches in the dense crown of trees.

§5. Formation of participles

Different verbs have different numbers of participial forms. It depends on the type and transitivity of the verb.

Transitive verbs of the NSV have 4 forms of participles:

1) active present participle: reading, 2) active past participle: read 3) passive present participle: read, 4) passive past participle: read. The verb read NSV. From NSV verbs, both past and present tense forms are possible. Transitive verbs of the SV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active past participle: bought, 2) passive past participles: bought. Verb buy SV. Present tense forms from SV verbs are not possible. Intransitive verbs of the NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active participle of the present tense: walking, 2) active participle of the past tense: walking. The verb to walk NSV. Past and present tense forms are possible from NSV verbs.

Intransitive SV verbs have a single participle form:

active past participles: truant. Verb to truant NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

For more information on the relationship between aspectual and tense verb forms: Section 11. Morphology. Verb.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from SV verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. There is no future tense for participles. Transitive verbs can be used to form both active and passive participles. From intransitives - only active participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

some transitive verbs do not have present passive participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Broken, written, sewn, swept - forms of passive participles of the past tense;
Some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. Beloved, sought after - forms of passive participles of the present tense;
The verb take does not form passive participles.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesova. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling of participles.

Morphological analysis of the participle

Morphological analysis of a participle is the determination of constant and unstable grammatical features of a participle, which has the properties of a verb and an adjective.

Let us indicate the plan for the morphological analysis of the participle. We give examples of analysis of participles that have different grammatical forms in a sentence.

In the Russian language, the participle has characteristic features that distinguish it from other verbal forms. Before we figure this out, let's remember what a sacrament is.

glow - a light shining in the distance;
to rust - your lock has rusted;
store - carefully store a photograph;
compose - a compiled table.

§6. Participles - non-participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives. Participle - if an object is involved in an action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: aspect, tense. Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent feature: frozen foods, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

Full form

1). The word in full form with the suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass (from mow - NSV);
participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words with it: purchased newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut before mid-July (until mid-July - dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

a verbal adjective, if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn - intransitive verb), conceivable (from think - intransitive verb), unfading (from fade - intransitive verb);
participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: inflected (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from wash away), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film is shot, the letter is written, the picture is hung, the laundry is washed (the action is in the past, the result is relevant in the present). You can add: just now, for example: The letter has just been written. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung.

In short adjectives the attribute is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is, these signs are generally characteristic of her. You can't add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive structure.

Spelling -Н- and -НН- in participles

-NN- is written:

in perfect participles (solved problem );
if there is a prefix ( except NOT ) (read book );
if there is a dependent word (early saber fighter);
in participles in -OVANNY / -EVANNYY (pickled cucumbers ). Exceptions : chewed , forged .

-N- is written:

in short participles (pizza eaten n a);
if there is no prefix (baptized baby );
if there is no dependent word (painted floor );
if there is a prefix NOT- (unpainted floor ).

REMEMBER : a finished person - a finished report on time, a named brother - named above, a planted father - a tree planted in the park, a bride's dowry - given to something.

REMEMBER!

These participles without prefixes are written with -НН-: bought, deprived, abandoned, decided, promised, born, caught, forgiven, captured, given, offended, seen, read.

§7. Participial

A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Do not confuse:

The dependent word and the qualified word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle refers, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that extends the participle. Its form depends on the form of the participle.

The fog that settled on the river at night cleared during the day.

The defined word is fog. Participle - descended, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog (what?) descended - singular, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: descended (on what?) on the river - V.p.

Participial phrase - descended on the river at night.

In a sentence, the participial phrase plays the role of a separate or non-separate definition. This difference is associated with the punctuation of participial phrases. However, this no longer applies to morphology. For those who want to get acquainted with the topic in detail, we can recommend A20. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members.

Active participles

The active participle denotes the attribute of an object that itself produces an action or experiences a certain state.

The active participles of the present tense are formed -ush-/-yusch- (I spr -ash-/-yashch- ( II spr

gallop (I) - they gallop - a galloping horse;
crawl (I) - they crawl - a crawling bug;
breathe (II) - they breathe - breathing deeply;
grow old (II) - they grow old - wrinkles aging the face.

Active past participles are formed -вш- ( after ( after

lay - laid the floor;
rustle - rustling reeds;
carry - one who was driving a cart.

Final test

Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent features of participles?
No
Is it correct to think that participles change like adjectives?
No
What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?
dependent word
Which participles do not have short forms?
In the passive
Everyone has
How do short forms of participles change?
By numbers and in the singular - by gender
By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
How do full forms of participle change?
By numbers and in the singular - by gender
By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
What determines how many participial forms different verbs have?
From reflexivity of verbs
From verb conjugation
Which verbs have all 4 forms of participles: present active, past active, present passive, past passive?
Transitional SV
Which verbs have only 1 participle form: active past tense?
Intransitive SV
Transitional NSV
Transitional SV
How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs of SV?
2
3
4
How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs of the NSV?
2
3
4

Right answers:

Yes
Yes
dependent word
Have valid
By numbers and in the singular - by gender
By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
Transitional air supply systems
Intransitive SV
2
2

Signs of a verb in a participle

Like the verb from which the participle is formed, it has grammatical categories:

1. view

imperfect (what to do? sing - sang);
perfect (what to do? start singing - singing).

2. active or passive voice

The participle in the form of the active voice denotes a sign of an action that the producer himself performs:

reading a book;
looking out the carriage window.

The participle in the form of the passive voice denotes the attribute of an object that is experiencing action from the outside, is being influenced by someone:

carried by the wind;
pancake baked in butter;
ground into powder.

3. The participle preserves the transitivity/intransitivity of the generating verb:

basket bearer;
floating on the river.

4. return/non-return

run - running along a path;
under construction - being built by the road.

5. Participles distinguish between present and past tense:

talk - talking on the phone;
tired - tired at the end of work.

Who can a priest not allow to receive Communion?

Those whose sins fall under the Church canons prohibiting communion. The basis for a ban on communion for a certain period may be a grave sin (fornication, murder, theft, witchcraft, renunciation of Christ, obvious heresy, etc.), or a moral state completely incompatible with communion (for example, refusal to reconcile with a repentant offender ).

***

Archpriest Oleg Stenyaev: Let a man test himself, and thus let him eat from this bread and drink from this cup. For whoever eats and drinks unworthily eats and drinks condemnation for himself, not considering the Body of the Lord (1 Cor. 11:28-29). “Discourse on the Body of the Lord” is a call to ensure that, when approaching the Chalice, a Christian remembers the Last Supper, the suffering on the Cross, the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, just as the Lord Himself said: Do this in remembrance of Me (Luke 22:19 ). In addition, “discourse on the Body of the Lord” is the entire Liturgy with its sequence, prayers, chants, and litanies. It itself includes a story about the Life of our Savior - from Birth to Death, Resurrection and Ascension. The order of liturgical worship prepares the person who comes for the most important thing - for the apogee of all life, namely: the Eucharist and Communion. After all, reasoning is expressed in words or in certain actions that give rise to mental images and associations. And all this is given to us by the liturgy, so that a Christian approaches the Chalice consciously, realizing that he is tasting the Body and Blood of Christ Himself.