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Division II. The structure of church government.
In the structure of its government, the Roman Catholic Church has much in common with the Orthodox Church.
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(Pontifex maximus? Vicarius Christi).
The main and significant difference between the Roman Catholic Church, in this regard, and the Orthodox Church is that the supreme ruler, the visible head of it, is recognized by Roman Catholics as the Roman high priest, who is given the title of Pope
(father). He possesses all the fullness of spiritual power, he is the bishop of bishops; other church governing bodies receive their power from him.
He is the supreme legislator of the Church, he can issue obligatory decrees for her concerning all subjects of church life and church government, repeal previous church laws, allow dispensations (termination of the obligatory nature of the general law for individuals and cases), give privileges (rights that cannot belong to person or institution in accordance with the general structure and regulations). He has the highest power of final judgment in the entire Church, the supreme right of supervision and management in it. The power of the Pope is not subject to limitation by the bishopric or the Ecumenical Council, the decisions of which acquire legal force after the approval of the Pope. There is no judgment against him, and he is responsible for his actions only before God and his conscience. Due to this position of the Pope, there cannot be local autocephalous Churches in the Roman Catholic Church.
Politically, the Pope is independent of secular authority as the head of the Roman Catholic world, and is considered equal to crowned heads.
The Pope is elected by the cardinals present in Rome within 12 days after the death of his predecessor, from among the cardinals, and some Monarchs of the Catholic powers can exclude one cardinal each from the elections. The choice is made in a strictly guarded building - a conclave and is made either by a majority of votes (2" 3), submitted in sealed notes, or unanimously, on someone's proposal, or by a commission entrusted with the choice.
2) Cardinals
(cardinalis - main).
This is the name given to the highest spiritual positions, persons under the papal throne, who are the closest advisers to the Pope and his assistants in management. Their appointment depends solely on the Pope. They are chosen from all three degrees of the priesthood. The state is supposed to have 70 cardinals: 6 from bishops, 50 from presbyters and 14 from deacons. They bear the title of eminence
, and are subordinate and subject only to the Pope.
All the cardinals together constitute the sacred College
, presided over by the cardinal, the bishop of the city of Ostia (their dean). Their meeting, chaired by the Pope himself, forms the Consistory of Cardinals. When the papal throne is vacant, the College governs the entire Church and the papal court.
3) Roman Curia
. This is the name of the set of auxiliary institutions through which the Roman Catholic Church is administered. It consists of several congregations under different names, permanent or extraordinary; they are under the control of the cardinals. These are, for example, congregations: spreading the faith (de propaganda fide), examining books and adding harmful ones to the list of prohibited reading for Catholics (indicis librorum prohibitorum), examining newly emerging errors (inquisitionis), etc.
4) Metropolitans and Archbishops
. The Roman Catholic Church is divided into metropolitan districts, which consist of several dioceses. The bishop of one of these dioceses, governing it with the rank of archbishop, has the right of supreme supervision over the management of the remaining dioceses throughout the metropolitan area and bears the title of their Metropolitan. In other church districts, the leading bishops bear the honorary title of patriarchs and primates.
There is one metropolitan district in Russia: Mogilev. The central leadership of the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia and Finland is concentrated in a special institution called the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical College
, established at the end of the 18th century (in St. Petersburg). It consists, under the chairmanship of the Archbishop of Mogilev (Metropolitan of the Roman Catholic Churches in Russia), of two members (bishop and prelate) and several assessors, elected by the cathedral chapters, one from each diocese for 3 years, from among the prelates or canons. Cases coming to the Collegium from the metropolitan's diocese and decided by him personally are considered and decided in the Collegium without his presence. The Collegium has a Prosecutor and an office. All cases requiring consideration or decision by the secular government are submitted by the Collegium to the Minister of Internal Affairs, who, through its prosecutor, monitors the progress of cases, makes proposals to it and gives opinions. The Collegium communicates with the Governing Senate through reports only on judicial matters and receives decrees from it; she communicates with the Ministers of Internal Affairs and Justice with representations.
5) Bishops
. Bishops are at the head of church administration in dioceses. The usual and normal election of a bishop is carried out by cathedral chapters. But there are appointments of candidates for episcopacy in other various forms, for example, from the Supreme Power in the state or from the Pope; in any case, the bishop elected in one way or another is confirmed by the Pope.
To assist the bishop, the Chapters elect and appoint suffragan
, corresponding to our vicar bishops. Sometimes such bishops receive the right to succeed their diocesan superior (bishop coadjutor).
The other main assistant to the diocesan bishop is the cathedral Chapter
. This is the College of clergy at the cathedral, constituting the Council or Senate of the bishop (presbyteral Council in the ancient universal Church). The chapter consists of a certain number of prelates (i.e., senior members), canons and suffragan priests. Prelates and canons are appointed by the bishop, with the approval of the civil government, from local clergy who have an ecclesiastical degree not lower than subdeacon and a theological academic degree. The chapter must participate in the bishop's divine services, give the bishop advice in the management of diocesan affairs or give its consent (in some matters, for example, concerning the chapter itself or church property, this consent is mandatory for the bishop). When the episcopal see is vacant (if there is no coadjutor bishop), the Chapter elects a temporary vicar to rule the diocese until a successor is appointed to the deceased or retired bishop.
In addition, in Russia, every Roman Catholic diocese has a spiritual Consistory
, for preliminary consideration of some diocesan matters (administrative, disciplinary, economic, judicial, marriage, etc.), subject to a final bishop's decision;
its terms of reference are similar to those in the Orthodox Consistories. The consistory has only an advisory voice and the bishop is not even obliged to explain the reasons for his decisions if they differ from its conclusions. It consists of an official
(chairman), his assistant, a visitor to the monasteries and assessors; they are appointed and dismissed by their bishop. The Consistory has an office with a secretary and officials who enjoy the rights of civil servants. The peculiarity of the Consistory is that the term of office of its members ends with the death or resignation of the bishop or vicar governing the diocese; the new bishop or his temporary successor, taking control of the diocese, immediately re-forms the Consistory (however, always with the consent of the secular government).
For immediate supervision of the welfare of parish churches and the clergy serving them, the bishop appoints deans for the districts of the diocese
, corresponding to our deans.
6) Parish priests
have almost the same responsibilities in the parish and the same relationships with the diocesan authorities as in the Orthodox Church. Where there is no right of patronage or where it is temporarily suspended, the parish priest is appointed by the diocesan superior, with the consent of the government, after a preliminary test and competition between candidates. In Russia, the rector of a parish in managing church affairs is limited to the participation in this matter of patrons and persons elected by the parish. Patronage of a church may belong to a clergy or secular Christian of any denomination; it is acquired either by the construction of a church, the donation of land for it, the assignment of maintenance for it and for the account, or the transfer of this right from one person to another (for example, during an inheritance or when purchasing an estate on which patronage lies; sometimes, (which happens rarely ) he complains to the Pope. The patron of the church, in addition to some honorary privileges (for example, the first place in the church), has the right to present to the bishop candidates for the position of rector of the church and the right to directly participate in economic church and parish affairs (he is the chairman of the parish council). The rector of the church sometimes has an assistant with the rank of vicar.
All Christians of the Roman Catholic faith from Russian subjects, spiritual or secular, communicate on matters of their confession with the Roman (papal) court no other way than through the Minister of Internal Affairs. Affairs, which notifies the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. No papers, messages and instructions of the Roman Court (Pope) can be put into effect in the Empire and in the Grand Duchy of Finland without the Highest permission requested by the Minister of the Interior. Affairs, after preliminary verification that these acts do not contain anything contrary to the states. decrees and sacred the rights and benefits of the Supreme Autocratic Power (Constitution of foreign confession, Articles 3, 8, 9).
