Russian Orthodox Church
Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Adrian (in the world Andrey) was born in Moscow on October 2, 1637 or 1627 (according to some sources, 1639).
He was first mentioned in 1678 as the archimandrite of the Chudov Monastery (1678-86), where, with his blessing, a cathedral church in honor of St. Alexis with the Annunciation chapel was built, as well as the church of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called.
It is known that during the Streltsy uprising in May 1682, Archimandrite Adrian forcibly tonsured K.P. Naryshkin (father of Queen Natalia); in the fall of 1682, he went with letters from Patriarch Joachim to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery to see Princess Sofya Alekseevna.
On March 21, 1686, Patriarch Joachim consecrated him Metropolitan of Kazan and Sviyazhsk. Almost no information has been preserved about the activities of Metropolitan Adrian in the Kazan diocese. It is known that he made contributions to the beautification of the Annunciation Cathedral and wrote the book “On the ancient tradition of the saints, the apostle and holy father, as every Orthodox Christian should do for the sign of the cross... to form fingers and how to depict it on himself.”
During the last illness of Patriarch Joachim (March 6-17, 1690), Metropolitan Adrian was in Moscow and, as a confidant of the High Hierarch, managed the affairs of the Church. With the support of Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna, he was elected on August 22 and appointed Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' on August 24, 1690.
In a message to the flock in connection with his elevation to the Patriarchal throne, Adrian substantiated the relationship between the priesthood and the kingdom and supplemented it with 24 exhortations to the Russian flock, in which he called on them to preserve church tradition, observe fasts, protect widows and orphans, condemned usury, unrighteous justice, as well as “innovative foreign customs" of Peter I, incl. shaving, European clothing and smoking tobacco. However, the Tsar’s undertakings aimed at the good development of the Fatherland (building a fleet, military and socio-economic transformations) received help and support from the Patriarch.
Diocesan administration under Patriarch Adrian continued to maintain the appearance and character established by Patriarch Joachim. To streamline church life, “Instructions for priestly elders” were published, with a more precise distribution of affairs according to orders, as well as “Priestly instructions to newly ordained priests.”
The pen of Patriarch Adrian also includes services to Saints Donatus, Hypatius, Daniel of Moscow and Daniel of Pereyaslavl, several teachings, letters to various persons, including two to Peter I, and several letters, among which one with praise to the future Saint Demetrius, Metropolitan of Rostov (then still abbot ), to whom the Patriarch especially favored for compiling the Chetyi-Menya.
Since 1696, Patriarch Adrian fell ill with a “paralysis disease”; in March 1697, he drew up a spiritual will, in which, in particular, he instructed Peter I to remain in parental piety. Relations between the Tsar and the Primate worsened after the latter’s refusal to forcibly tonsure the wife of Peter I, Tsarina Evdokia Lopukhina, into monasticism (1698). During the massacre of the archers in 1698-99. The Patriarch of Moscow expressed sadness about those being executed, but his petition was rejected by Peter.
In 1698, Patriarch Adrian gave his blessing to canonize Euphrosyne of Suzdal, whose relics were discovered back in the 16th century, and to commemorate her on September 25 (October 8). In 1698, two Councils were held.
Due to illness, he often lived in the Perervinsky Monastery of St. Nicholas near Moscow. By 1699, he finally retired, entrusting management to Archdeacon Jonah Grigorov. He died in the Perervinsky monastery on October 15, 1700, at the 73rd year of his life; buried in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The king was not present at the funeral.
Notes
- Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich.
Moscow necropolis. - St. Petersburg: Printing house M.M. Stasyulevich, 1907. - T. I. - P. 10. - I. L. Andreev, L. A. Belyaev, T. V. Gimon, S. V. Dumin, K. Yu. Yerusalimsky, Ya. I. Zverev, A. I. Kuksin, N. B. Leonova, E. N. Marosinova, D. A. Mindich, L. E. Morozova, D. O. Osipov, E. V. Pchelov, E. N. Svyatitskaya, L. M. Starikova, I. Yu. Strikalov, S. N. Tatsenko, V.V. Trepavlov, S. Yu. Shokarev, Yu. V. Shokarev, M. K. Yurasov.
History of Russia until the 19th century. - M.: Bustard-plus, 2008. - P. 47. - 856 p. — ISBN 978-5-9555-1225-9. - [www.petrcity.ru/?s=ocherk15 Peter and Paul Cathedral... why not Borisoglebsky - Essay on the history of the city of Petrovsk]
Links
Metropolitans of Moscow and All Rus' (1461-1589) Theodosius • Philip I • Gerontius • Zosimas • Simon • Barlaam • Daniel • Joasaph • Macarius • Athanasius • Hermann () • Philip II • Cyril • Anthony • Dionysius • Job
Patriarchs of Moscow and All Rus' (1589-1721) Job • Ignatius • Hermogenes •
Ephraim (Khvostov)
() •
Jonah (Arkhangelsky)
() • Filaret • Joasaph I • Joseph • Nikon •
Jonah Sysoevich
() • Joasaph II • Pitirim • Joachim •
Adrian • Stefan (Yavorsky)
()The leading members of the Holy Synod (1721-1917) Stefan (Yavorsky) • Theodosius (Yanovsky) • Feofan (Prokopovich) • Ambrose (Yushkevich) • Stefan (Kalinovsky) • Plato (Malinovsky) • Dimitri (Sechenov) • Gabriel (Petrov) • Ambrose (Podobedov) • Mikhail (Desnitsky) • Seraphim (Glagolevsky) • Anthony (Rafalsky) • Nikanor (Klementyevsky) • Grigory (Postnikov) • Isidore (Nikolsky) • Palladium (Raev) • Ioannikiy (Rudnev) • Anthony (Vadkovsky) • Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) • Plato (Rozhdestvensky)
Patriarchs of Moscow and All Rus' (since 1917) Tikhon • Peter (Polyansky) () • Sergius • Alexy I • Pimen •
Filaret (Denisenko)
() • Alexy II • Kirill
Excerpt characterizing Adrian (Patriarch of Moscow)
Prince Repnin named Lieutenant Sukhtelen. Looking at him, Napoleon said, smiling: “II est venu bien jeune se frotter a nous.” [He came young to compete with us.] “Youth doesn’t stop you from being brave,” Sukhtelen said in a breaking voice. “Excellent answer,” said Napoleon. - Young man, you will go far! Prince Andrei, who, to complete the trophy of the captives, was also put forward, in full view of the emperor, could not help but attract his attention. Napoleon apparently remembered that he had seen him on the field and, addressing him, used the same name of the young man - jeune homme, under which Bolkonsky was reflected in his memory for the first time. – Et vous, jeune homme? Well, what about you, young man? - he turned to him, - how do you feel, mon brave? Despite the fact that five minutes before this, Prince Andrei could say a few words to the soldiers carrying him, he now, directly fixing his eyes on Napoleon, was silent... All the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to him at that moment, so petty seemed to him his hero himself, with this petty vanity and joy of victory, in comparison with that high, fair and kind sky that he saw and understood - that he could not answer him. And everything seemed so useless and insignificant in comparison with the strict and majestic structure of thought that was caused in him by the weakening of his strength from the bleeding, suffering and the imminent expectation of death. Looking into Napoleon's eyes, Prince Andrei thought about the insignificance of greatness, about the insignificance of life, the meaning of which no one could understand, and about the even greater insignificance of death, the meaning of which no one living could understand and explain. The emperor, without waiting for an answer, turned away and, driving away, turned to one of the commanders: “Let them take care of these gentlemen and take them to my bivouac; let my doctor Larrey examine their wounds. Goodbye, Prince Repnin,” and he, moving his horse, galloped on. There was a radiance of self-satisfaction and happiness on his face. The soldiers who brought Prince Andrei and removed from him the golden icon they found, hung on his brother by Princess Marya, seeing the kindness with which the emperor treated the prisoners, hastened to return the icon. Prince Andrei did not see who put it on again or how, but on his chest, above his uniform, he suddenly found an icon on a small gold chain. “It would be good,” thought Prince Andrei, looking at this icon, which his sister hung on him with such feeling and reverence, “it would be good if everything were as clear and simple as it seems to Princess Marya. How nice it would be to know where to look for help in this life and what to expect after it, there, beyond the grave! How happy and calm I would be if I could now say: Lord, have mercy on me!... But to whom will I say this? Either the power is indefinite, incomprehensible, which I not only cannot address, but which I cannot express in words - the great all or nothing, - he said to himself, - or this is the God who is sewn up here, in this palm, Princess Marya? Nothing, nothing is true, except the insignificance of everything that is clear to me, and the greatness of something incomprehensible, but most important! The stretcher started moving. With each push he again felt unbearable pain; the feverish state intensified, and he began to become delirious. Those dreams of his father, wife, sister and future son and the tenderness that he experienced on the night before the battle, the figure of the small, insignificant Napoleon and the high sky above all this, formed the main basis of his feverish ideas. A quiet life and calm family happiness in Bald Mountains seemed to him. He was already enjoying this happiness when suddenly little Napoleon appeared with his indifferent, limited and happy look at the misfortune of others, and doubts and torment began, and only the sky promised peace. By morning, all the dreams mixed up and merged into the chaos and darkness of unconsciousness and oblivion, which, in the opinion of Larrey himself, Doctor Napoleon, were much more likely to be resolved by death than by recovery. “C’est un sujet nerveux et bilieux,” said Larrey, “il n’en rechappera pas.” [This is a nervous and bilious man, he will not recover.] Prince Andrei, among other hopeless wounded, was handed over to the care of the residents. At the beginning of 1806, Nikolai Rostov returned on vacation. Denisov was also going home to Voronezh, and Rostov persuaded him to go with him to Moscow and stay in their house. At the penultimate station, having met a comrade, Denisov drank three bottles of wine with him and, approaching Moscow, despite the potholes of the road, he did not wake up, lying at the bottom of the relay sleigh, near Rostov, which, as it approached Moscow, came more and more to impatience. “Is it soon? Soon? Oh, these unbearable streets, shops, rolls, lanterns, cab drivers!” thought Rostov, when they had already signed up for their holidays at the outpost and entered Moscow. - Denisov, we’ve arrived! Sleeping! - he said, leaning forward with his whole body, as if by this position he hoped to speed up the movement of the sleigh. Denisov did not respond. “Here is the corner of the intersection where Zakhar the cabman stands; Here he is Zakhar, and still the same horse. Here is the shop where they bought gingerbread. Soon? Well! - To which house? - asked the coachman. - Yes, over there at the end, how can you not see! This is our home,” said Rostov, “after all, this is our home!” Denisov! Denisov! We'll come now. Denisov raised his head, cleared his throat and did not answer. “Dmitry,” Rostov turned to the footman in the irradiation room. - After all, this is our fire? “That’s exactly how daddy’s office is lit up.” – Haven’t gone to bed yet? A? How do you think? “Don’t forget to get me a new Hungarian at once,” Rostov added, feeling the new mustache. “Come on, let’s go,” he shouted to the coachman. “Wake up, Vasya,” he turned to Denisov, who lowered his head again. - Come on, let's go, three rubles for vodka, let's go! - Rostov shouted when the sleigh was already three houses away from the entrance. It seemed to him that the horses were not moving. Finally the sleigh took to the right towards the entrance; Above his head, Rostov saw a familiar cornice with chipped plaster, a porch, a sidewalk pillar. He jumped out of the sleigh as he walked and ran into the hallway. The house also stood motionless, unwelcoming, as if it did not care about who came to it. There was no one in the hallway. "My God! is everything alright? thought Rostov, stopping for a minute with a sinking heart and immediately starting to run further along the entryway and familiar, crooked steps. The same door handle of the castle, for the uncleanness of which the countess was angry, also opened weakly. One tallow candle was burning in the hallway. Old man Mikhail was sleeping on the chest. Prokofy, the traveling footman, the one who was so strong that he could lift the carriage by the back, sat and knitted bast shoes from the edges. He looked at the opened door, and his indifferent, sleepy expression suddenly transformed into an enthusiastically frightened one. - Fathers, lights! Young Count! – he cried out, recognizing the young master. - What is this? My darling! - And Prokofy, shaking with excitement, rushed to the door to the living room, probably to make an announcement, but apparently changed his mind again, returned back and fell on the young master’s shoulder. -Are you healthy? - Rostov asked, pulling his hand away from him. - God bless! All glory to God! We just ate it now! Let me look at you, Your Excellency! - Is everything all right? - Thank God, thank God! Rostov, completely forgetting about Denisov, not wanting to let anyone warn him, took off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe into the dark, large hall. Everything is the same, the same card tables, the same chandelier in a case; but someone had already seen the young master, and before he had time to reach the living room, something quickly, like a storm, flew out of the side door and hugged and began to kiss him. Another, third, same creature jumped out of another, third door; more hugs, more kisses, more screams, tears of joy. He couldn’t make out where and who dad was, who was Natasha, who was Petya. Everyone was screaming, talking and kissing him at the same time. Only his mother was not among them - he remembered that. - I didn’t know... Nikolushka... my friend! - Here he is... ours... My friend, Kolya... He has changed! No candles! Tea! - Yes, kiss me! - Darling... and then me. Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhailovna, Vera, the old count, hugged him; and people and maids, filling the rooms, muttered and gasped.
Literature
- Skvortsov G. A. Patriarch Adrian, his life and works in connection with the state of the Russian Church in the last 10 years of the 17th century
. Kazan, 1913. - Bamblevsky L. [www.bogoslov.ru/text/321280.html Historical background for the establishment of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church]
. - Pavlov A. N.
Letter from Peter I to Patriarch Adrian on the capture of Azov // Bulletin of Church History. 2006. No. 2. P. 240–242. - Bogdanov A.P.
The Holy Court of Patriarch Adrian // Religions of the world: History and modernity. M. 2004. pp. 123-137.
